Skip to main content
. 2019 Aug 8;13:778. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00778

FIGURE 2.

FIGURE 2

Blood-derived fibrinogen and plasminogen mediated brain pathology through several different mechanisms. [1] Fibrin deposit causes CD11b-CD18 microglia activation in the 5XFAD mouse model of AD. [2] Fibrinogen causes phosphorylation of Smad 1/5/8 and inhibits oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. [3] Aβ-fibrinogen complex enhances chronic CD11b-mediated microglia activation. [4] Fibrin deposit induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and triphosphopyridine nucleotide (NADPH) oxidase activation and leads to axonal retraction. [5] The activation of low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP-1) on endothelial cells was suggested to induce the degradation of tight junctions and base membrane by matrix metallopeptidase-9, matrix metallopeptidase-2, matrix metallopeptidase-3 (MMP-9, MMP-2, and MMP-3). [6] The LRP-1 on astrocytes activates the Rho kinases and mediates the retraction of astrocytic endfeet from vessel walls.