Table 1.
Demographic, disease-related, and societal characteristics of Canadian Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients based on their region of birth [Frequency and Median (IQR)].
| Anglosphere (n = 248) | International (n = 167) | Statistics (U for ranks, χ2 for frequency) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Socio-demographic | |||
| Age | 63.55 (10.44) | 61.77 (11.17) | U = 17,492, p = 0.007*, d = 0.27 |
| Sex (%Female) | 32.3% | 39.5% | χ2 = 2.31, p = 0.13, d = 0.15 |
| Education (years) | 14 (4) | 14 (4) | U = 18,943.5, p = 0.14, d = 0.15 |
| Highest Occupation (ISCO-08)b | = 2.33, p = 0.80, v = 0.08 | ||
| - Managers | 29.0% | 25.7% | |
| - Professionals | 29.8% | 29.3% | |
| - Technicians, associates, clerical | 21.4% | 19.2% | |
| - Craft and trades | 6.5% | 7.8% | |
| - Services and sales | 6.9% | 9.0% | |
| - Operators, assemblers, elementary occupations | 6.5% | 9.0% | |
| Disease-related | |||
| PD duration | 9.22 (5.95) | 9.87 (5.48) | U = 19,117.5, p = 0.18, d = 0.13 |
| UPDRS part 3 OFFa | 34 (14.5) | 39 (17) | U = 16,236.5, p = 0.001*, d = 0.34 |
| UPDRS part 3 ON | 14 (12) | 15 (12) | U = 18,983.5, p = 0.15, d = 0.14 |
| % Levodopa responsea | 60 (24) | 59 (24) | U = 20,180.5, p = 0.98, d = 0.00 |
| Levodopa equivalent daily dose (LEDD) | 1,327 (783) | 1,373 (700) | U = 19,890, p = 0.50, d = 0.07 |
| Cognitive complaint | 86.7% | 80.8% | χ2 = 2.59, p = 0.11, d = 0.16 |
| Psychometric | 73.4% | 89.8% | χ2 = 16.84, p < 0.001*, d = 0.41 |
| (intact vs. MCI + PDD) | |||
| Cognitive diagnosis: Intact:MCI:PDD | 39.5%:60.1%:0.4% | 31.7%:67.1%:1.2% | χ2 = 2.61, p = 0.11, d = 0.16 |
| Societal | |||
| HIHD | 0.49 (0.06) | 0.23 (0.18) | U = 658, p < 0.001*, d = 2.88 |
| Age at immigration | – | 30.7 (25) | – |
| Years in Canada | – | 27.0 (19) | – |
| English mother-tongue | 94.8% | 13.8% | χ2 = 278.30, p < 0.001*, d = 2.85 |
| Interpreter assistance | 0.4% | 32.4% | – |
Note: aSample size Anglosphere = 245 and International = 165 as some individuals did not complete the UPDRS part 3 OFF medications. bISCO-08, International Standard Classification of Occupations; UPDRS, Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale; MCI, Mild Cognitive Impairment; PDD, Parkinson’s Disease Dementia; HIHD, Historical Index of Human Development. *Significant results with p < 0.05 uncorrected.