Table 1.
Preclinical trials for pro-angiogenic peptide vaccines.
| Antigen | Type of peptide | Cancer type | Adjuvant used | Timing | Result | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| VEGF | Long peptide (79 aa), two cysteine residues replace with alanine | Melanoma | Raffinose fatty acid sulfate ester (RFASE) | Prophylactica vaccination | Inhibition of tumor growth by ~50% | (10) |
| VEGF | MAP2-dRK6 | Colorectal | None | Therapeutic vaccination | Inhibition of tumor growth by ~65% | (53) |
| VEGFR2 | Epitope screening of 38 short peptides (9–10 aa each) | A2/K2 transgenic mice implanted with different mouse tumor cells | IFA | Therapeutic vaccination | Inhibition of tumor growth by ~5-fold | (14) |
| VEGFR1 | Epitope screening of 40 short peptides (9–10 aa each) | A2/K2 transgenic mice implanted with different mouse tumor cells | IFA | Therapeutic vaccination | Inhibition of tumor growth by ~2-fold | (54) |
| Fibronectin, ED-A fragment | Recombinant fusion peptide (<100 aa) conjugated to bacterial thioredoxin | metastatic mammary adenocarcinoma (MMTV-PyMT) | Montanide ISA-720 with GpC oligo | Therapeutic vaccination | Inhibition of tumor growth by ~40% | (55) |
| Heparanase | Octa-branched MAP with a 15 aa peptide | Hepatocarcinoma (HCC-97H cells) | CFA/IFA | Therapeutic passive vaccination | Reduced tumor volume by ~3-fold; Reduced pulmonary metastasis by 10-fold | (56, 57) |
| FGF-2 | Heparin binding domain of FGF-2 (44 aa peptide) | B16BL6 and experimental lung metastasis models | Liposomes and lipid A | Prophylactic vaccination | Inhibition of 96% of macroscopic metastases | (58) |
| EMMPRIN/CD147 | Octa-branched MAP with a 9 aa peptide | A498 renal, CT26 colon and TRAMP-C2 prostate carcinomas | CFA/IFA | Prophylactic and Therapeutic vaccination | Inhibition of tumor growth by 72% and 94%. | (59) |
a
Prophylactic, vaccination was carried out before injection of tumor cells; Therapeutic, vaccination was carried out after injection of tumor cells.