Table 4.

Independent predictors of depression among diabetics.

Variables	Odds ratio (95% CI)	P value	Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI)	P value
Age groups
18–40 years	Reference
More than 40 years	0.83 (0.46–1.48)	0.520	0.95 (0.36–2.50)	0.913
Gender
Male	Reference
Female	1.43 (0.87–2.31)	0.143	1.00 (0.47–2.11)	0.994
Marital status
Married	Reference
Single	0.87 (0.38–1.99)	0.733	0.45 (0.13–1.58)	0.213
Divorced	1.37 (0.42–4.47)	0.599	1.26 (0.31–5.07)	0.749
Widower	1.24 (0.56–2.79)	0.596	0.67 (0.22–2.09)	0.492
Education
Primary	Reference
Secondary	0.72 (0.35–1.47)	0.364	1.03 (0.41–2.59)	0.942
University	0.51 (0.25–1.02)	0.055	1.23 (0.41–3.70)	0.714
Occupation
Unemployed/Housewife	Reference
Employee	0.46 (0.26–0.82)	0.009	0.50 (0.18–1.39)	0.184
Retired	0.57 (0.31–1.04)	0.065	0.59 (0.21–1.60)	0.296
Income
Less than 5000 SAR	Reference
5000–10,000 SAR	0.88 (0.50–1.56)	0.662	1.04 (0.46–2.37)	0.926
10,000–15,000 SAR	0.45 (0.23–0.88)	0.020	0.51 (0.16–1.60)	0.248
More than 15,000 SAR	0.27 (0.06–1.28)	0.098	0.46 (0.07–3.22)	0.435
Social support
High	Reference
Moderate	1.98 (1.01–3.87)	0.046	2.47 (1.09–5.62)	0.031
Low	5.28 (2.41–11.55)	0.000	6.62 (2.51–17.50)	0.000
Duration of diabetes
1–10 years	Reference
10–20 years	0.64 (0.38–1.08)	0.094	0.44 (0.22–0.89)	0.022
More than 20 years	0.75 (0.36–1.58)	0.447	0.38 (0.13–1.11)	0.077
Control of diabetes
Good (less than 7)	Reference
Not good (more than 7)	1.41 (0.81–2.47)	0.226	1.32 (0.68–2.57)	0.417