TABLE 1.

Characteristics and Outcomes of a Pre-Experiment

Study, Location	Length of Follow-Up	Intervention	Sample Characteristics	Pre-/Post-Analytic Samples	Outcome Measures	d
Markowitz and Laffel (32), Boston, Mass.	5 months	Support group*	Aged 18–30 years; 93% female; 92% white; 86% university education	15	Glycemic control†	1.32
				12
				15	Burden and self-care‡	1.36
				15

^*Five monthly sessions led by a clinical psychologist.

^†A1C test: average plasma glucose concentration over 8–12 weeks.

^‡PAID scale and Self-Care Inventory.