Fig. 12.

Reverse iontophoresis was utilized in glucose monitoring. a In reverse iontophoresis, an electrical current is applied on skin to electro-osmotically drive interstitial fluid, which usually contains targeting analytes, through the epidermis to the skin surface for analysis or sample collection. b The GlucoWatch was one of the reversion iontophoresis-based diagnostic platforms for glucose level monitoring. The device was separated into two pieces, a watch (panel i) and an electrode assembly (panel ii). c GlucoWatch model GW2B accuracy test across a range of glucose concentrations. The medium relative absolute difference (RAD) value at the lowest glucose concentration (≤70 mg/dL) was the highest among all testing concentrations. Only 32% of the data collected met the ISO criteria (±20%). Pictures retrieved/adopted from Potts et al. 2002 and the Diabetes Research in Children Network (DirecNet) Study Group