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. 2019 Aug 15;9:11892. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-48386-9

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Representative radar signal waveforms of respiratory activity and the carotid pulses. After the removal of clutter, the signal waveform was composed of large cyclic waves from respiratory activity and small but recognizable peaks from carotid pulsation (A). After high- and low-pass filters were applied, and the waveform was smoothed over 3 data points, the peak points on the carotid radar pulse waveform appeared to be well-correlated with R waves on ECG in both patients with NSR (B) and those with PeAF (C). The red circles at each peak in the radar waveform indicate the systolic phase of the carotid pulsation corresponding to each ECG R wave.