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. 2019 Aug 15;9:11892. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-48386-9

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Differentiation between NSR and PeAF by the analysis of the frequency domain. The frequencies of the radar signal intensities were color-coded and plotted against time on 2-dimensional spectrograms (A). The brighter-colored line represents the frequency at the peak signal intensity. The Max∆frq appeared to be greater in the patients with PeAF (1.1 Hz) than in those with NSR (0.1 Hz). In the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, the Max∆frq showed very high diagnostic performance for PeAF at a threshold of 0.57 Hz (B). NSR, normal sinus rhythm; PeAF, persistent atrial fibrillation; Max, maximal; Min, minimal; frq, frequency; Max∆frq, maximum frequency variation in the peak signal intensity.