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. 2019 Aug 9;10:1017. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01017

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Copyright © 2019 Stanley and Yuan

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Transcriptional regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis pathway (CBP) genes in photosynthetic tissues. The regulation of CBP genes in response to light (sun), senescence (leaf), and high temperature (thermometer) and by epigenetic controls (DNA) is shown. The carotenoid biosynthesis pathway is in black, with carotenoid biosynthesis genes indicated in dark blue. Carotenoid regulators discussed in the paper are shown in light blue, with other regulators in purple. Green arrows indicate positive regulation, while blunt red arrows indicate negative regulation. Solid lines show direct interactions, while dotted lines show indirect/unknown interactions. GGPP, geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate; PSY, phytoene synthase; PDS, phytoene desaturase; Z-ISO, 15-cis-zeta-carotene isomerase; ZDS, zeta-carotene desaturase; CRTISO, carotene isomerase; LCYB, lycopene beta-cyclase; CYCB, chromoplast-specific lycopene beta-cyclase; BCH, beta-carotene hydroxylase; ZEP, zeaxanthin epoxidase; VDE, violaxanthin deepoxidase; NSY, neoxanthin synthase; LCYE, lycopene epsilon-cyclase; CYP97A3, cytochrome P450–type beta-hydroxylase; CYP97C1, cytochrome P450–type epsilon-hydroxylase.