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. 2019 Aug 15;9:10700. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-47073-z

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Bayesian skyline plot derived from an alignment of 123 complete mitochondrial genomes. Effective female population sizes (N_ef) times generation time (g) of all European cave bears (black), Ursus ingressus (orange), and the Ursus spelaeus complex (violet). x axis: time in ¹⁴C years before present; y axis: female N_ef x g; centre line: median N_ef x g; upper and lower bounds: limits of 95% highest posterior density intervals.