Table 2.
Direct target genes of 1α,25(OH)2D3, their location, and roles.
| Target Gene | Cell Type | Function |
|---|---|---|
| ASAP2 (ArfGAP with SH3 domain, ankyrin repeat and PH domain 2) | Human THP-1 cells (monocytes) | Regulates autophagy, cellular migration and vesicular transport [44] |
| CYP24A1 (Cytochrome P450 24A1) | Kidney | Vitamin-D3 catabolizing enzyme [82] |
| PTHLH (Parathyroid hormone-like hormone) | Cytoplasm, golgi complex and nucleus of most cells | Activates PLC signaling pathways, proliferation of chondrocytes, regulation of bone formation by promoting recruitment and survival of osteoblasts, and plays a role in the physiological regulation of bone resorption [83] |
| CAMP (Cathelicidin antimicrobial protein) | Primary keratinocytes, monocytes, phagocytes, B cells and neutrophils | Antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral activities, the encoded protein functions in cell chemotaxis, immune mediator induction and inflammatory response regulation [84] |
| Trpv6 (Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 6) | Brush border membranes of the intestinal epithelia | Potential mediator of calcium uptake into the enterocyte [85] |
| CYP27B1(Cytochrome P450 27B1) | Kidneys, epithelial cells, lungs, breast, intestine, stomach, endocrine glands, cells of the immune system, osteoblasts chondrocytes | Expression of 1a-hydroxylase [44] |
| CALB1 | Avian intestine and kidney and mammalian intestine, respectively | Codes for Calbindin-D28K and Calbindin-D9K proteins, upregulated by 1α,25(OH)2D3 [86,87] |
| Osteocalcin | Osteocytes, cartilages | Mineral deposition, bone resorption [86] |
| FOXP3 (fork head box P3) | Immune system | Maturity and performance of T regulatory cells [88] |
| CD14 (Cluster of differentiation) | Monocytes and most tissue macrophages and to a minor extent in monoblasts and promonocytes | Interacts with soluble lipopolysaccharide (LPS) released from gram-negative bacteria in combination with a plasma protein, LPS-binding protein [44] |
| NINJ1 (Ninjurin 1) | Hepatic stellate cells | Promotes axonal growth, may play a role in nerve regeneration and in the formation and function of other tissues [89] |