Table 1.
Mean (s.e.) relative amounts of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (≥0.01%) in L and S flower morphs from three cultivated (C1, C2, C3) and three wild (W1, W2, W3) populations of G. sempervirens. All scent compounds, except in brackets, were verified using standards. Unverified compounds were identified with >90% matches to library spectra and literature R.I. values. Compounds with significantly different relative amounts in L verses S flowers (p < 0.05) are indicated with an asterisk.
| Compound | R.I. | C1 | C2 | C3 | W1 | W2 | W3 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| L (N = 3) | S (N = 6) | L (N = 6) | S (N = 6) | L (N = 8) | S (N = 6) | L (N = 8) | S (N = 6) | L (N = 7) | S (N = 6) | L (N = 6) | S (N = 6) | |||
| Benzenoids | 93 (3) | 49 (21) | 79 (5) | 48 (19) | 80 (5) | 31 (17) | 83 (3) | 69 (7) | 72 (7) | 41 (18) | 62 (10) | 73 (4) | ||
| 1 | Benzene | 660 | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.011 (0.004) | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.06 (0.02) | 0.02 (0.01) | 0.02 (0.01) | 0.02 (0.02) | - | 0.03 (0.02) | 0.02 (0.01) | 0.03 (0.02) |
| 2 | Benzaldehyde * | 995 | 80 (6) | 37 (16) | 58 (5) | 31 (13) | 46 (7) | 23 (14) | 59 (6) | 48 (7) | 57 (8) | 32 (15) | 44 (9) | 51 (4) |
| 3 | 4-Methylanisole | 1048 | 0.2 (0.1) | 0.7 (0.4) | 0.4 (0.1) | 1.4 (0.7) | 3.4 (0.7) | 0.3 (0.2) | 4 (1) | 3.1 (0.8) | 0.7 (0.1) | 0.5 (0.3) | 1.0 (0.2) | 1.6 (0.4) |
| 4 | Benzyl alcohol * | 1064 | 3.2 (0.8) | 2 (1) | 0.3 (0.1) | 1.0 (0.5) | 3.5 (0.7) | 0.5 (0.3) | 0.9 (0.5) | 1.5 (0.7) | 3.1 (0.9) | 0.3 (0.1) | 0.9 (0.4) | 2 (1) |
| 5 | Acetophenone | 1100 | 0.39 (0.08) | 2.3 (0.6) | 1.6 (0.6) | 2.3 (0.8) | 6 (1) | 2.3 (0.4) | 1.0 (0.5) | 0.8 (0.4) | 1.5 (0.3) | 1.1 (0.3) | 3.6 (0.9) | 6 (1) |
| 6 | Methyl benzoate | 1123 | - | - | 0.01 (0.01) | - | - | - | - | - | 0.01 (0.01) | - | - | 0.03 (0.03) |
| 7 | Benzyl acetate * | 1190 | 0.03 (0.03) | 0.02 (0.01) | 0.3 (0.1) | 0.08 (0.04) | 0.37 (0.07) | 0.04 (0.02) | 0.11 (0.03) | 0.15 (0.07) | 0.25 (0.07) | 0.06 (0.04) | 0.16 (0.08) | 0.09 (0.06) |
| 8 | Ethyl benzoate * | 1197 | - | - | 0.04 (0.03) | - | 0.06 (0.02) | 0.01 (0.01) | - | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.16 (0.09) | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.07 (0.07) | 0.09 (0.09) |
| 9 | 1,4-Dimethoxybenzene * | 1199 | 0.3 (0.1) | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.03 (0.02) | 0.17 (0.08) | - | 0.3 (0.1) | 0.01 (0.01) | - | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.08 (0.06) | 0.01 (0.01) |
| 10 | 2`-Hydroxyacetophenone | 1206 | - | 0.2 (0.1) | 0.26 (0.07) | 0.3 (0.2) | 0.7 (0.2) | 0.4 (0.1) | 0.10 (0.04) | 0.18 (0.05) | 0.05 (0.02) | 0.12 (0.04) | 0.17 (0.08) | 0.6 (0.2) |
| 11 | 2-Methoxy-4-methylphenol | 1223 | - | 0.01 (0.01) | - | 0.04 (0.03) | 0.08 (0.02) | - | - | - | - | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.03 (0.03) | 0.01 (0.01) |
| 12 | Estragole | 1230 | 0.09 (0.05) | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.03 (0.01) | 0.10 (0.08) | 0.29 (0.07) | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.10 (0.04) | 0.12 (0.06) | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.03 (0.03) | 0.04 (0.03) | 0.10 (0.05) |
| 13 | 4-Anisaldehyde * | 1313 | 3.8 (0.1) | 4 (2) | 11 (1) | 3 (2) | 5 (1) | 2 (1) | 8 (1) | 5 (1) | 3.1 (0.6) | 3 (2) | 5 (2) | 4.9 (0.8) |
| 14 | Isobutyl benzoate | 1359 | - | - | - | - | - | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.02 (0.01) | - | 0.01 (0.01) | - | 0.04 (0.02) | 0.03 (0.01) |
| 15 | Benzyl butyrate * | 1373 | - | 0.02 (0.01) | 0.24 (0.08) | 0.10 (0.06) | 0.17 (0.04) | 0.07 (0.05) | 0.3 (0.2) | 0.15 (0.03) | 0.20 (0.07) | 0.02 (0.01) | 0.05 (0.02) | 0.11 (0.07) |
| 16 | Butyl benzoate | 1403 | 0.02 (0.01) | 0.03 (0.01) | 0.21 (0.03) | 0.05 (0.03) | 0.02 (0.01) | 0.03 (0.02) | 0.13 (0.05) | 0.17 (0.04) | 0.08 (0.01) | 0.05 (0.03) | 0.04 (0.02) | 0.13 (0.04) |
| 17 | Benzyl tiglate | 1534 | 0.09 (0.05) | 0.04 (0.02) | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.09 (0.06) | 0.10 (0.06) | 0.03 (0.02) | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.02 (0.01) | 0.05 (0.04) | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.05 (0.02) |
| 18 | (Z)-3-Hexenyl benzoate | 1605 | 0.04 (0.01) | 0.02 (0.01) | 0.15 (0.04) | 0.2 (0.1) | 0.06 (0.02) | 0.02 (0.01) | 0.09 (0.03) | 0.17 (0.06) | 0.07 (0.04) | 0.05 (0.04) | 0.16 (0.05) | 0.4 (0.2) |
| 19 | Hexyl benzoate | 1612 | - | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.05 (0.01) | 0.06 (0.03) | 0.02 (0.01) | 0.02 (0.01) | 0.05 (0.02) | 0.04 (0.01) | 0.04 (0.01) | 0.03 (0.03) | 0.02 (0.01) | 0.05 (0.03) |
| 20 | Benzyl benzoate * | 1823 | 5 (1) | 3 (2) | 6 (1) | 8 (4) | 15 (2) | 2 (2) | 8 (1) | 9 (2) | 5.7 (0.8) | 3 (2) | 6 (2) | 5.8 (0.7) |
| Terpenoids | 3 (1) | 26 (11) | 20 (5) | 31 (11) | 9 (3) | 43 (13) | 14 (2) | 24 (6) | 10 (5) | 30 (10) | 26 (8) | 24 (4) | ||
| 21 | α-Pinene | 936 | 0.4 (0.2) | 0.25 (0.08) | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.8 (0.2) | 4 (2) | 0.29 (0.09) | 0.15 (0.04) | 0.18 (0.05) | 0.11 (0.04) | 0.06 (0.05) | 0.2 (0.2) | 0.04 (0.03) |
| 22 | [β-Phellandrene] | 980 | - | 0.02 (0.01) | - | - | - | 0.17 (0.09) | - | - | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.05 (0.05) | - |
| 23 | β-Pinene | 982 | 0.13 (0.05) | 0.02 (0.01) | - | 0.24 (0.04) | 2 (1) | 0.09 (0.03) | 0.01 (0.01) | - | 0.03 (0.01) | - | 0.05 (0.02) | 0.02 (0.01) |
| 24 | Myrcene | 994 | - | - | - | - | - | 0.05 (0.03) | - | - | - | 0.07 (0.04) | - | - |
| 25 | 6-Methyl-5-hepten-2-one | 1009 | 0.1 (0.1) | 0.05 (0.05) | 0.47 (0.06) | 1.2 (0.4) | 0.21 (0.09) | 0.3 (0.2) | 0.4 (0.2) | 1.0 (0.4) | 0.5 (0.2) | 0.5 (0.2) | 0.35 (0.08) | 0.7 (0.1) |
| 26 | 1,8-Cineole * | 1044 | - | 0.1 (0.1) | 0.01 (0.01) | - | - | 0.5 (0.3) | - | - | - | 0.07 (0.04) | - | 0.01 (0.01) |
| 27 | Limonene * | 1045 | - | - | 0.03 (0.01) | 0.1 (0.1) | - | - | 0.05 (0.02) | - | - | - | 0.02 (0.02) | - |
| 28 | (E)-β-Ocimene * | 1046 | 0.08 (0.08) | 0.13 (0.08) | - | 0.3 (0.1) | - | 0.3 (0.1) | - | - | - | 0.08 (0.05) | - | - |
| 29 | (Z)-α-Ocimene * | 1057 | - | 21 (9) | 0.08 (0.03) | 24 (11) | - | 34 (13) | 0.02 (0.01) | - | - | 18 (9) | 0.02 (0.01) | 0.07 (0.01) |
| 30 | [Ionene] | 1366 | - | - | 0.07 (0.05) | - | - | 0.01 (0.01) | - | 0.7 (0.2) | 0.06 (0.04) | 0.04 (0.04) | 0.2 (0.2) | 0.05 (0.04) |
| 31 | (E)-β-Caryophyllene * | 1449 | - | 0.14 (0.06) | - | 0.4 (0.1) | - | 0.3 (0.2) | - | - | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.14 (0.06) | 0.03 (0.03) | - |
| 32 | Dihydro-α-ionone | 1450 | - | - | 0.8 (0.3) | - | 0.3 (0.1) | 0.05 (0.05) | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.4 (0.2) | 0.08 (0.06) | - | 0.3 (0.3) | 0.6 (0.3) |
| 33 | Geranyl acetone | 1451 | - | - | - | 0.12 (0.05) | - | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.03 (0.01) | 0.03 (0.02) | 0.04 (0.03) | 0.03 (0.03) | 0.3 (0.2) | 0.03 (0.02) |
| 34 | α-Ionone * | 1460 | 0.2 (0.1) | 0.03 (0.02) | 3.0 (0.8) | 1.0 (0.6) | 0.5 (0.3) | 0.6 (0.4) | 2.6 (0.8) | 3.1 (0.8) | 1.4 (0.5) | 2 (1) | 2.5 (0.9) | 1.3 (0.5) |
| 35 | Dihydro-β-ionone * | 1467 | - | 3 (2) | 2 (1) | 0.8 (0.5) | 0.04 (0.03) | 4 (2) | 0.5 (0.3) | 3 (1) | 0.4 (0.2) | 5 (2) | 2 (1) | 1.4 (0.7) |
| 36 | Neryl acetone | 1470 | 1.1 (0.4) | 0.8 (0.5) | 0.09 (0.09) | 1.5 (0.8) | 0.14 (0.08) | - | 1.1 (0.4) | 0.4 (0.2) | 0.8 (0.7) | 1.0 (0.9) | 1.3 (0.7) | 0.5 (0.3) |
| 37 | [(Z)-α-Bergamotene] | 1500 | - | - | 0.08 (0.01) | 0.02 (0.02) | - | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.04 (0.02) | 0.06 (0.05) | 0.04 (0.03) | - | 0.12 (0.05) | 0.15 (0.04) |
| 38 | α-Farnesene * | 1517 | 0.6 (0.2) | 0.3 (0.1) | 4 (2) | 0.4 (0.2) | 1.3 (0.5) | 0.4 (0.2) | 8 (2) | 7 (5) | 5 (4) | 0.1 (0.1) | 11 (4) | 16 (5) |
| 39 | β-Ionone | 1519 | - | - | 9 (4) | - | 0.2 (0.1) | 2 (2) | 1 (1) | 8 (4) | 1.2 (0.7) | 3 (3) | 7 (7) | 3 (3) |
| Fatty Acid Derivatives | 0.37 (0.06) | 14 (6) | 0.19 (0.04) | 17 (7) | 1.0 (0.3) | 9 (4) | 0.5 (0.2) | 0.7 (0.5) | 0.10 (0.06) | 17 (8) | 0.5 (0.1) | 0.5 (0.3) | ||
| 40 | Tert-butyl ethyl ether * | 611 | - | - | - | - | 0.2 (0.1) | - | - | - | - | - | 0.12 (0.07) | - |
| 41 | 1-Butanol | 674 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.03 (0.03) | - | - | - | - | - |
| 42 | Heptane | 700 | - | 0.03 (0.03) | - | - | - | - | - | 0.03 (0.03) | - | - | - | - |
| 43 | 2-Pentanone | 706 | - | - | - | 0.05 (0.05) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 44 | 3-Pentanone | 716 | - | - | - | 0.08 (0.05) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 45 | 4-Methyl-2-pentanone | 759 | - | - | - | 0.09 (0.09) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 46 | 2-Methyl-2-butenal | 769 | 0.07 (0.05) | - | - | - | - | 0.04 (0.04) | - | - | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.2 (0.1) | - | - |
| 47 | Octane | 800 | - | 0.01 (0.01) | - | 0.06 (0.04) | - | - | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.1 (0.1) | - | 0.03 (0.03) | - | - |
| 48 | 4-Methyl-3-penten-2-one | 824 | - | - | - | 0.15 (0.08) | - | - | - | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.02 (0.01) | 0.02 (0.02) | - | - |
| 49 | Butyl acetate | 838 | - | - | 0.01 (0.01) | - | - | - | 0.01 (0.01) | - | - | - | - | 0.01 (0.01) |
| 50 | [Ethyl 2-methylbutyrate] | 865 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.01 (0.01) |
| 51 | 3-Hexen-1-ol | 874 | - | - | - | - | - | 0.03 (0.03) | - | 0.03 (0.03) | - | - | 0.04 (0.04) | 0.04 (0.04) |
| 52 | 1-Hexanol | 887 | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.03 (0.03) | - | 0.05 (0.04) | 0.01 (0.01) | - | 0.03 (0.03) | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.01 (0.01) | - | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.01 (0.01) |
| 53 | Nonane | 900 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 54 | Pentyl acetate | 930 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.01 (0.01) | - | - | - |
| 55 | Hexyl formate | 957 | - | 0.5 (0.5) | - | - | - | - | 0.1 (0.1) | - | - | - | - | - |
| 56 | Decane | 1000 | - | 0.08 (0.06) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 57 | (Z)-3-Hexenyl acetate * | 1019 | 0.04 (0.04) | - | 0.11 (0.03) | 0.04 (0.02) | 0.12 (0.04) | - | 0.08 (0.04) | 0.2 (0.2) | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.2 (0.1) | 0.3 (0.2) |
| 58 | Hexyl Acetate | 1027 | 0.06 (0.03) | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.04 (0.02) | 0.12 (0.07) | 0.04 (0.02) | - | 0.05 (0.05) | 0.07 (0.04) | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.05 (0.02) |
| 59 | (E)-2-Hexenyl acetate | 1037 | - | - | - | 0.04 (0.04) | - | - | 0.03 (0.03) | 0.09 (0.07) | 0.01 (0.01) | - | - | 0.03 (0.03) |
| 60 | Undecane | 1100 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.05 (0.04) | - | - | - | - |
| 61 | Nonanal | 1128 | 0.03 (0.03) | 0.01 (0.01) | - | 0.03 (0.02) | - | - | 0.01 (0.01) | - | - | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.01 (0.01) | - |
| 62 | [3-Hexenylbutanoate] | 1197 | - | - | 0.02 (0.01) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.02 (0.02) |
| 63 | Dodecane * | 1200 | - | 0.01 (0.01) | - | 0.09 (0.03) | - | - | - | - | - | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.02 (0.02) | - |
| 64 | [(E)-3-Hexenyl-2-methylbutanoate] | 1242 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.01 (0.01) |
| 65 | Tridecane * | 1300 | - | - | - | 0.13 (0.06) | - | - | - | 0.05 (0.05) | - | - | - | - |
| 66 | 2-Undecanone * | 1314 | - | 0.4 (0.2) | - | 0.2 (0.1) | - | 0.12 (0.04) | - | - | - | 0.15 (0.08) | - | - |
| 67 | [3-Hydroxy-2,2-dimethylhexylbutanoate] | 1397 | - | - | - | 0.09 (0.05) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 68 | Tetradecane | 1400 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.03 (0.03) | - | - |
| 69 | Pentadecane * | 1500 | - | 0.13 (0.05) | - | 0.11 (0.07) | - | 0.2 (0.1) | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.02 (0.01) | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.4 (0.3) | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.02 (0.02) |
| 70 | 2-Tridecanone * | 1516 | - | 3 (1) | - | 4 (2) | - | 1.8 (0.8) | - | - | - | 3 (1) | - | - |
| 71 | [Dodecenyl acetate] * | 1692 | - | 0.2 (0.1) | - | 0.2 (0.1) | - | 0.3 (0.1) | - | - | - | 0.4 (0.2) | - | - |
| 72 | Heptadecane | 1700 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 73 | 2-Pentadecanone * | 1718 | - | 8 (4) | - | 9 (4) | - | 6 (3) | - | - | - | 12 (6) | - | - |
| 74 | 2-Heptadecanone * | 1922 | 0.16 (0.06) | 1.5 (0.6) | - | 3 (1) | 0.7 (0.3) | 0.7 (0.2) | 0.05 (0.03) | 0.05 (0.03) | - | 1.2 (0.5) | 0.13 (0.07) | 0.07 (0.02) |
| 75 | Heneicosane | 2100 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.01 (0.01) | - | - | - | - |
| Yeast Associated Compounds | 4 (2) | 9 (6) | 0.9 (0.5) | 3 (1) | 9 (2) | 16 (11) | 2 (1) | 6 (4) | 18 (8) | 12 (7) | 12 (9) | 1.8 (0.9) | ||
| 76 | Ethanol | 426 | 4 (2) | 9 (6) | 0.9 (0.5) | 3 (1) | 9 (2) | 15 (11) | 2 (1) | 6 (3) | 17 (7) | 12 (7) | 12 (9) | 1.8 (0.9) |
| 77 | Ethyl acetate | 615 | 0.01 (0.01) | - | 0.01 (0.01) | - | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.04 (0.03) | 0.08 (0.08) | 0.1 (0.1) | 0.3 (0.2) | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.09 (0.09) | 0.04 (0.03) |
| 78 | 2-Methyl-1-propanol | 624 | - | - | - | 0.1 (0.1) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 79 | Acetic acid | 639 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 80 | 3-Hydroxy-2-butanone | 748 | - | - | - | 0.1 (0.1) | - | 0.2 (0.2) | - | - | 0.02 (0.02) | - | - | - |
| 81 | Ethyl butanoate * | 820 | - | - | 0.01 (0.01) | - | - | 0.3 (0.2) | 0.01 (0.01) | - | 0.5 (0.2) | - | - | - |
| Unidentified | 0.2 (0.1) | 1.3 (0.7) | 0.16 (0.02) | 1.2 (0.4) | 0.15 (0.05) | 1.3 (0.4) | 0.7 (0.2) | 0.4 (0.2) | 0.17 (0.08) | 0.5 (0.2) | 0.3 (0.1) | 0.42 (0.06) | ||
* significantly different relative amounts in L and S flowers.