Table 2.

Aquaphotomics contribution: from fundamental research to various applications.

Application	Object of Study	Purpose	References
Fundamental research	Sugars	Quantification	[25,43,49,52]
	Glucose	Distinguishing anomers	[91]
	Salts	Quantification and influence on water spectra	[26,35,44,61,98]
	Acids	Quantification, accuracy of prediction depending on acidity	[99]
	Acids and pH	Quantification	[63]
	Ethanol	Quantification, structural analysis	[42,100,101,102,103]
	Methanol	Quantification	[98,104]
	Water-ethanol-isopropanol mixture	Quantitative analysis and the effect of temperature	[105]
	Water, methanol, ethanol and ethylenediamine mixture	Quantitative analysis and the effect of temperature	[106]
	Monoethylene-glycol	Quantification	[98]
	Metal ions	Quantification	[107,108,109,110]
	Near infrared light	Influence of consecutive irradiation	[1]
	UV light	Measurement of irradiation dose	[48]
	Temperature	Influence of temperature on water spectra	[42,43,111]
Biomolecules	Oligopeptides	Interaction with water – elucidating the structure, dynamics and function of proteins	[112]
	Prion proteins	Stability of protein structure as a function of metal binding	[47]
	Insulin	Fibrillation phases	[113]
	Albumin and γ-globulin	Quantification	[114]
	Albumin	Structural analysis and hydration properties	[115]
	Ovalbumin	Gelation of globular proteins	[51]
	DNA	Quantification and detection of mutation products	[48]
	Phospholipids	Structural analysis and effect on water	[111]
Water	Water contamination	Quantification of pesticides alachlor and atrazine	[62]
	Water contamination	Detection of contaminants based on salts as model systems	[35]
	Commercial mineral waters	Discrimination	[116]
	Ground water quality	Continuous monitoring based on water spectral pattern as a holistic/integrative marker	[65]
	Pure water	Influence of filtration process	[64]
Food	Honey	Adulteration	[117]
	Mushrooms	Detection of physical damage	[45,118]
	Milk	Components	[36]
	Wafer, coffee, soybean	Water activity and moisture content	[119,120]
	Perches (fish)	Discriminating between wild fishes and raised in the recirculation system	[121]
	Pork loin	Discrimination between fresh and spoiled meat	[121]
	Porcine muscles	Discrimination between fresh and thawed meat	[121]
	Cheese	Ripening process	[122]
	Cheese and winter melon	Influence of packaging material on ripening	[123]
	Salami	Influence of coating on ripening	[124]
	Packaging material	Influence of bioactive compound - propolis	[125]
	Apples	Sensory texture - specific mechanical and structural properties related to water spectral pattern	[66]
	Oilseed Rape	Stem rot detection	[126]
	Rice	Seed vitality	[127]
	Coffee	Roasting degree	[128]
	Wheat kernels	Hardness	[15]
Materials	Soft contact lenses: hydrogels	Discrimination of hydrogels with different water content	[95,96]
	Soft contact lenses: hydrogels	Discrimination of new and worn contact lenses	[94]
	Titanium dioxide	Wettability	[6]
Environment	Soil	Identification of soil type	[129]
	Water contamination	Monitoring	[65,130]
Nanomaterials	Fullerene based nanomaterials	Hydration properties	[73,74,97]
	Polystyrene	Quantification of particles in water solutions	[33]
Microbiology	Bacteria – metabolites	Contribution to NIR signal from cells and metabolites	[131]
	Bacteria - probiotic	Classification	[87,89]
	HIV virus	Detection and quantification	[60]
	Bacteria	Selection	[88]
Cells and tissues	Somatic cells in milk	Quantification	[21]
	Tissue (mice)	Native state of metals	[132]
	Tissue (mice)	Ex vivo discrimination	[133]
Plant biology	Soybean	Detection of mosaic virus infection	[70]
	Soybean	Ability to cope with cold stress in genetically modified cultivars; Detection of mosaic virus infection	[69]
	Resurrection plants	Peculiarities of water structure in leaves of anhydrobiotic organism	[72]
	Papaya leaves	In vivo detection of begomovirus infection	[71]
Animal medicine	Mastitis in dairy cows	Disease detection	[21,77,78,79,80,81,82]
	Estrus detection in urine of giant panda	Finding water spectral pattern as biomarker, quantification of hormone	[68,83]
	Estrus detection in milk of cows	Ovulation period detection and monitoring	[85]
	Estrus detection in urine of Bornean orangutan	Ovulation period detection and monitoring	[84]
	Estrus period detection using serum in mares	Detection of oestrus, metestrus, and diestrus in mares,	[86]
Medicine	DNA mutation products	Detection of DNA damage, quantification of damage products	[48]
	AIDS	HIV virus detection	[60]
	Serum	Serum based diagnosis (diabetes, coronary heart disease)	[75]
	Prion protein disease	Mechanism of disease	[47]
	Skin cream effects	Therapy monitoring	[73,74]
	Dialysis efficacy	Monitoring of spent dialysate	[67]
	Colorectal cancer	Diagnostics based on serum and urine	[67]