| Akt | protein kinase B |
| AMPK | AMP-activated protein kinase |
| CREB | cAMP response element binding protein |
| ERK1/2 | extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase |
| GSK-3beta | glycogen synthase kinase-3beta |
| IGF-1 | insulin growth factor-1 |
| PI3K | phosphoinositide 3-kinase |
| ROS | reactive oxygen species |
| TMRM | tetramethylrhodamine |
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