Table 1.
Characteristics of the participants (n = 421).
| Characteristic | n (%) | Mean ± SD |
|---|---|---|
| Sex | ||
| Male | 176 (41.8) | |
| Female | 245 (58.2) | |
| Age (years) | 13.30 ± 1.28 | |
| 12 | 148 (35.2) | |
| 13 | 136 (32.4) | |
| 14 | 14 (3.1) | |
| 15 | 109 (26.0) | |
| 16 | 14 (3.3) | |
| Ethnicity | ||
| Malay | 412 (97.9) | |
| Chinese | 2 (0.5) | |
| Indian | 2 (0.5) | |
| Others | 5 (1.2) | |
| Daily pocket money (MYR) | 5.29 ± 2.44 | |
| Father’s education level (n = 356) | ||
| No formal education | 10 (2.8) | |
| Primary education | 6 (1.7) | |
| Secondary education | 272 (76.4) | |
| Tertiary education | 68 (19.1) | |
| Mother’s education level (n = 358) | ||
| No formal education | 12 (3.4) | |
| Primary education | 8 (2.2) | |
| Secondary education | 263 (73.4) | |
| Tertiary education | 75 (21.0) | |
| Monthly household income (n = 348) | ||
| <MYR2300.00 | 105 (30.2) | |
| MYR2300.00–5599.99 | 145 (41.7) | |
| ≥MYR5600.00 | 98 (28.2) | |
| Physical activity total score | 2.13 ± 0.51 | |
| Low | 280 (68.1) | |
| Moderate | 128 (31.1) | |
| High | 3 (0.7) | |
| Screen-viewing behavior (hours/day) | ||
| Watch TV/VCD/DVD/music video | ||
| Weekday | 2.23 ± 1.49 | |
| Weekend | 3.66 ± 2.00 | |
| Total | 2.54 ± 1.39 | |
| Play smartphone/computer/video game | ||
| Weekday | 1.05 ± 1.25 | |
| Weekend | 1.81 ± 1.77 | |
| Total | 1.19 ± 1.15 | |
| Total screen time | 3.67 ± 1.87 | |
| Sleep quality | 5.05 ± 2.33 | |
| Poor | 140 (35.9) | |
| Good | 250 (64.1) | |
| Frequency of eating a meal or snack at fast food restaurant in the past 7 days | 1.57 ± 1.31 | |
| None | 88 (21.0) | |
| 1 day | 155 (36.9) | |
| 2 days | 64 (15.2) | |
| 3 days | 94 (22.4) | |
| >3 days | 19 (4.5) | |
| Home food availability | ||
| Healthy home food availability | 13.31 ± 3.31 | |
| Unhealthy home food availability | 8.82 ± 2.72 | |
| Fruit and vegetable availability | 13.35 ± 3.40 | |
| Peers social influence | 5.38 ± 2.19 | |
| Parenting practice | 26.99 ± 5.30 | |
| BMI-for-age z-scores | 0.52 ± 1.58 | |
| Severe thinness | 5 (1.2) | |
| Thinness | 18 (4.3) | |
| Normal | 238 (56.7) | |
| Overweight | 76 (18.1) | |
| Obesity | 66 (15.7) | |
| Severe obesity | 17 (4.0) |
Notes. SD = Standard Deviation; MYR = Malaysian Ringgit (USD 1 = MYR 4.14 as on 3 May 2019).