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. 2019 Jul 26;20(15):3655. doi: 10.3390/ijms20153655

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Typical ¹H NMR spectra of urine sample (CON: Control group; MOD: KYDS group; YGP: You-gui pill group). (1) 2-hydroxyisovalerate; (2) 3-methyl-2-ketovalerate; (3) 2-hydroxyvalerate; (4) 2-oxoisocaproate; (5) valine; (6) isobutyrate; (7) 3-hydroxybutyrate; (8) lactate; (9) alanine; (10) acetate; (11) N-acetyl glycoprotein; (12) acetone; (13) acetoacetate; (14) succinate; (15) α-ketoglutarate; (16) citrate; (17) dimethylamine (DMA); (18) dimethylglycine (DMG); (19) methylguanidine; (20) trimethylamine (TMA); (21) creatinine; (22) trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO); (23) choline, (24) glycine; (25) glycerol; (26) creatine; (27) α-glucose; (28) β-glucose; (29) betaine; (30) hippurate; (31) allantoin; (32) fumarate; (33) N(1)-methyl-4-pyridone-5-carboxamide; (34) 3-hydroxyphenyl propionic acid; (35) tryptophan; (36) phenylalanine; (37) phenylacetylglycine; (38) indoxyl sulfate; (39) uridine; (40) hypoxanthine; (41) formate. The numbers “×8” and “×2” stand for the amplification factor of spectra.