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. 2019 Jul 25;24(15):2711. doi: 10.3390/molecules24152711

Table 7.

Summary of optical properties and sensing performance of AIE-based sensors for the sensing of phosphorous-containing anions (D1–D14).

λabs
(nm) a 		λem
(nm) b 		Φ
(%) c 		Original Emission Colour Emission Colour/Change in the Presence of Anion L.O.D d Mechanism of Detection Ref.
Phosphate (PO 4 3 − ; HPO 4 2 − ) Sensors
D1 340 454 - Blue Enhanced - Anion exchange and complex formation. [103]
D2 - 500 (aggr) f; 494 (+PO43−; + HPO42−) h 9.1;
41.3
(+PO43−) h 		Blue Enhanced - Anion-coordination induced emission [101]
D3 257, 310 493 (aggr) f;
502 (aq., +PO43−) e,h 		- Blue-green (aggr) f Turn-on - Aqueous soluble dihydrogen chloride salt transformed to less soluble mono-hydrogen chloride salt leading to aggregation. [102]
Pyrophosphate (PPi) Sensors
D5 ~350 (aq.) e 468 (aq.) e 0.426 (aq.) e; 1.757 (+PPi) h - Blue, turn-on 22.8 nM Coordination of Zn(II) centres with PPi leading to poorer solubility and aggregation of D2-PPi complexes [104]
D6a ~370 625 (soln)e; 531 (aq., +PPi) e,h 0.136 (aq.) e; 3.283 (+PPi) h - Green-yellow, turn-on 133 nM PPi replaces iodide counteranion and forms nanoparticles via supramolecular self-assembly. [105]
D6b ~380 625 (soln) e; 562 (aq., +PPi) e,h 0.127 (aq.) e, 4.143 (+PPi) h - Orange, turn-on 118 nM PPi replaces iodide counteranion and forms nanoparticles via supramolecular self-assembly. [105]
D7 285, 316, 387 570 (aq.) e; 515 (+PPi) h - - Green, turn-on 5.37 nM Coordination of Zn(II) centre with PPi leading to poorer solubility and aggregation of D4-PPi complexes. [106]
D8 - 470 (aggr; aq., +PPi) e,f,h 0.5 (aq.) e; 19 (aq., +PPi) e,h Blue emission (aggr) f Blue, turn on 66.7 nM Supramolecular self-assembly of PPi and D5 via hydrogen bonding leading to poorer solubility and aggregation [107]
D9 350 500 (+PPi) h - No emission Green, turn-on 56 nM Competitive coordination of PPi with Cu2+ releases AIE-active TPE-dipicolylamine ligand [108]
D10a 400 420, 613 - Blue (soln) e Pink; quenching of Eu3+’s 613nm emission ~200 nM Competitive coordination of PPi with Eu3+ releases terpyridine-polymeric ligand [109]
D10b 400 450, 613 - Blue (soln) e Pink; quenching of Eu3+’s 613nm emission 12 nM Competitive coordination of PPi with Eu3+ releases terpyridine-polymeric ligand [109]
ATP Sensors
D11 371 514 - - Blue-green, turn on 6 μM Guanidinium-ATP binding via electrostatic interactions led to aggregation of adduct. [110]
D12a 330 516 (+ATP) - - Green, turn-on - Guanidinium-ATP binding via electrostatic interactions led to aggregation of adduct. [111]
D12b 330 516 (+ATP) - - Green, turn-on - Guanidinium-ATP binding via electrostatic interactions led to aggregation of adduct. [111]
D13 ~370 ~535 (soln) e; ~575 (aggr) f; 500 (+ATP) - Weak orange (soln) e; Yellow (aggr) f Intense green 75 nM Binding and aggregation of D13 and ATP via electrostatic interactions and hydrophobic interactions [112]
D14a 432 609 (THF soln) e 14.23 (solid) g Yellow (solid) g Orange, enhanced ~20 ppm Specific binding and aggregation of D14a and ATP [113]
D14b 437 614 (THF soln) e 8.57 (solid) g Orange (solid) g Orange, enhanced ~3 ppm Specific binding and aggregation of D14b and ATP [113]
D14c 451 614 (THF soln) e 13.86 (solid) g Orange (solid) g Orange, enhanced 0.3 ppm Specific binding and aggregation of D14c and ATP [113]
D15 - ~480 - Blue (gel) g Quenched - Disintegration of self-assembled AIE hydrogel D15 [114]

a Absorption maxima; b Emission maxima; c Fluorescence quantum yield; d Limit of Detection; e (soln/aq.) denotes optical properties in solution/aqueous state; f (aggr) denotes optical properties of aggregates; g (solid/film/gel) denotes optical properties in solid/film/gel state; h (+Xn+/−) denotes optical properties in the presence of ion Xn+/−. “-”: data were not reported.