Table 1.

Changes of lipid species in human bran and peripheral fluids under Alzheimer’s disease or Parkinson’s disease.

Distinct Changes of Lipid Species in Human Brain and Peripheral Fluids
Alzheimer’s Disease
Lipid	Variation	Sample	Reference
Ceramide	Increase	Brain tissue	[209]
Sphingomyelin	Decrease	Brain tissue	[209]
Phosphatidylcholine	Decrease	Serum	[210]
Phosphatidylinositol	Decrease	Serum	[210]
Phosphatidylethanolamine	Decrease	Serum	[210]
DHA	Decrease	Lipid rafts	[36]
Linolenic acid	Decrease	Plasma	[211]
ARA	Increase	Brain tissue	[212]
Palmitic acid	Increase	Brain tissue	[213]
Stearic acid	Increase	Brain tissue	[213]
Oleic acid	Decrease	Lipid rafts	[36]
Gangliosides	Decrease	Brain tissue/Lipid rafts	[36,46]
Cerebrosides	Decrease	Lipid rafts	[36]
Sulfatides	Decrease	Lipid rafts	[36]
Lipid Metabolites
24-OH	Increase	Brain tissue	[172]
27-OH	Increase	Brain tissue	[171]
Oxidative Stress Markers
MDA	Increase	Serum/Plasma	[174,175,214]
4-HNE	Increase	Brain tissue	[176]
Proteins Related with Lipid Metabolism
HDL	Decrease	Serum	[77]
LDL	Increase	Serum	[77]
FABP3	Increase	CSF	[177]
Parkinson’s Disease
Lipids	Variation	Sample	Reference
Ceramide	Increase	Brain tissue	[109]
Sphingomyelin	Decrease	Brain tissue	[215]
Phosphatidylcholine	Decrease	Brain tissue	[216]
Phosphatidylserine	Increase	Lipid rafts	[154]
Phosphatidylinositol	Decrease	Brain tissue	[204]
Phosphatidylethanolamine	Decreased	Brain tissue	[215]
EPA	Decrease	Lipid rafts	[49,154]
DHA	Decrease	Lipid rafts	[49,154]
Palmitic acid	Increase	Lipid rafts	[154]
Stearic acid	Increase	Lipid rafts	[154]
Oleic acid	Decrease	CSF	[217]
Palmitoleic acid	Decrease	CSF	[217]
Linoleic acid	Decrease	CSF	[217]
Gangliosides	Increase	Lipid rafts	[150]
Lipid Metabolites
Endocannabinoids	Increase	CSF	[199,200]
Apo1	Decrease	CSF	[204,205]
Oxidative Stress Markers
MDA	Increase	Brain tissue	[205]
4-HNE	Increase	SNPc/CSF	[206]
8-OHdG	Increase	Serum/CSF	[209,210,211]