Table 2.
The toxicity of the various nanomaterials.
| Nanomaterials | Toxic Effects | References |
|---|---|---|
| Carbon nanotubes | Antibacterial | [139,140,141] |
| Damage of cell membrane | ||
| necrosis/apoptosis | ||
| Hinder the respiratory functions | ||
| DNA damage | ||
| Induce granulomas and atherosclerotic lesion | ||
| Lung damage | ||
| SiO2 | Slightly toxic effect | [139,142,143] |
| Toxic to marine algae | ||
| Apoptosis | ||
| Up-regulation of tumor necrosis factor—alpha genes | ||
| Inflammatory and immune responses | ||
| C60 derivatives | Bactericidal for Gram-positive bacteria | [140,144] |
| Oxidative cytotoxicity | ||
| Accumulation in liver | ||
| Induces gliomas, sarcomas in mice as well as in human cells | ||
| Quantum dots | Bacterial toxicity | [141,145,146] |
| Partials uptake and damage to DNA | ||
| TiO2 | Growth inhibition and acute lethality | [123,147,148] |
| Bactericidal for gram-positive bacteria | ||
| Elimination of photosynthetic activity | ||
| Oxidative damage due to ROS | ||
| Liver damage | ||
| CuO nanoparticles | Freshwater algae toxicity | [149,150,151,152,153] |
| Yeast toxicity | ||
| Damaging DNA | ||
| Acute toxicity to kidney, spleen, and liver |