Table 1.
Characteristics of studies included.
| Authors, (Publication Year)/Location | Age (yrs) at Baseline | Cases/Cohort Size | Follow-up Period (yrs) | Exposure Assessment | Smoking Status Identified | Outcome Assessment | Adjustments for Covariates | Quality Assessment Score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| He et al. (2001)/USA [18] | 25–74 | 1382/13,643 | 19 (average) |
Interview | Non-smokers/current smokers | Medical records |
Age, race, education, alcohol consumption, physical activity, HTN, SBP, DM, BMI, serum cholesterol, VHD, CAD | 9 |
| Ingelsson et al. (2006)/Sweden [19] | 50 | 100/2314 | 20.1 (median) |
Interview | Non-smokers/current smokers | Medical records |
HTN, DM, BMI, LVH, MI | 8 |
| Gopal et al. (2012)/USA [9] | 70–79 | 231/2125 | 9.4 (median) |
Self-reported | Never/former/current smokers | Medical records |
Age, SBP, HR, CAD, LVH, albumin, fasting glucose, creatinine | 8 |
| Ahmed et al. (2015)/USA [12] | ≥65 | 931/4482 | 13 | Self-reported | Never/former/current smokers | Medical records |
Age, sex, race, education, income, alcohol consumption, ADL, HTN, DM, BMI, CAD, LVH, stroke, AF, PAD, COPD, cancer, left ventricular systolic dysfunction, CRP, ACEIs, serum creatinine, beta-blockers, diuretics | 8 |
| Nadruz et al. (2016)/USA [20] | 45–64 | 1496/9649 | 15 | Interview | Never/passive/former/current smokers | Medical records |
Age, sex, race, alcohol consumption, HTN, SBP, HR, DM, BMI, SBP, HR, COPD, estimated GFR | 9 |
| Sahle et al. (2016)/Australia [21] | 84 ± 5 | 373/6083 | 10.8 (median) |
Medical records | Never/former/current smokers | Medical records |
BP, BMI, CVD, estimated GFR | 7 |
| Feoforoff et al. (2018)/Finland [22] | 27.4–51.3 | 313/4463 | 13.8 (median) |
Self-reported | Never/former/current smokers | Medical records |
Age, sex, HTN, DM, BMI, HDL-cholesterol, TG, HbA1c | 9 |
Note. HTN = hypertension; SBP = systolic blood pressure; DM = diabetes mellitus; BMI = body mass index; VHD = valvular heart disease; CAD = coronary artery disease; LVH = left ventricular hypertrophy; MI = myocardial infarction; HR = heart rate; ADL = activities of daily living; AF = atrial fibrillation; PAD = peripheral artery disease; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRP = C-reactive protein; ACEIs = angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; GFR = glomerular filtration rate; HDL = high-density lipoprotein; TG = triacylglycero.