Table 3.
Effects of ASC-secreted extracellular vesicles on wound healing: In vitro studies.
| ASC Source | Model | Effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Commercial human ASC | HMEC | Stimulation of vessel-like structure formation | [73] |
| Human sub-cutaneous adipose tissue obtained from healthy females (18–35 years old). | HDF | Stimulation of cell migration and proliferation. Higher collagen synthesis. | [74] |
| Human sub-cutaneous adipose tissue of normal donors (25–45 years old) undergoing elective surgery. | HDF | Increase of cell migration rate. | [61] |
| Adult fat samples. | HUVEC | Stimulation of angiogenesis, upregulation and downregulation of angiogenesis-stimulating or -inhibitory genes, respectively. | [75] |
| Human lipoaspirates. | Primary human keratinocytes HDF |
Increased cell proliferation and migration rate. Upregulated Akt pathway | [76] |
| Human Lipoaspirates (mean age of the patients: 20 ± 1.5 years). | HDF | Stimulation of cell proliferation and migration. Increased type-1 and type-3 collagen levels. Upregulated PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. |
[78] |
| Human subcutaneous adipose tissue. | HUVEC | Increase of cell proliferation, migration and angiogenesis. Upregulation of proliferative markers and growth factors. Upregulation of Akt and ERK signaling pathways. |
[79] |
| HaCaT | Increase of cells migration and proliferation. Upregulation of proliferative markers and growth factors. Upregulation of Akt and ERK signaling pathways. |
||
| Primary human foreskin fibroblasts | Increase of cells migration and proliferation | ||
| Upregulation of proliferative markers and growth factors. | |||
| Upregulation of Akt and ERK signaling pathways. | |||
| Human lipoaspirates. | HDF | Stimulated cell proliferation and migration. Increased expression of genes related with skin regeneration. | [80] |
| Adipose tissue harvested from healthy people or normal rats. | Endothelial progenitor cells isolated from peripheral blood of healthy subjects or patients with diabetes mellitus. | Increased cell viability and tube formation ability. | [81] |
| Human facial adipose tissue. | HaCaT | Increased cell proliferation and migration. Reduced H2O2-induced apoptosis levels. |
[83] |
ASC: adipose tissue-derived stem cell; HMEC: human mammary epithelial cell; HDF: human dermal fibroblast; HUVEC: human umbilical vein endothelial cell; Akt: protein kinase B; PI3K: phosphoinositide 3-kinase; ERK: extracellular signal-regulated kinase; HaCaT: spontaneously immortalized human keratinocyte cell line.