FIGURE 3.

The roles of myeloid cells for neurovascular remodeling. Microglia switch into pro-neurogenic phenotype and anti-inflammatory phenotype with increased release of IGF-1, BDNF and anti-inflammatory cytokines, which promote the proliferation and differentiation of NSCs, leading to enhanced neurogenesis, neural repair and NSC survival and differentiation. Furthermore, myeloid cells express angiogenic factors as IL-8, VEGF et al to promote vascular repair. Moreover, they could generate mechanical traction forces to pull the injured endothelial ends, rebuilding the ligation to enhance repair. IGF, insulin-like growth factor; BDNF, brain derived neurotrophic factor; NSC, neural stem cells; IL-8, interleukin 8; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.