TABLE 1.
Summary of mechanisms for DIPs to interfere with virus replication.
| Mechanisms | Viruses DIPs | DI genomes forms | Gene | References |
| Stimulating immune response | Influenza virus | Simple internal deletions DI genomes; | -ssRNA | Dimmock and Easton, 2014; Vasou et al., 2017 |
| Respiratory syncytial virus | Simple internal deletions DI genomes; Copy-back DI genomes | -ssRNA | Borchers et al., 2013; Xu et al., 2017 | |
| Ebola virus | / | -ssRNA | Stanley et al., 2014 | |
| Rift valley fever virus | Mutations DI genome | -ssRNA | Bouloy et al., 2001 | |
| Measles | Copy-back DI genomes | -ssRNA | Mura et al., 2017 | |
| Semliki forest virus | Simple internal deletions DI genomes | + ssRNA | Barrett and Dimmock, 1986; Puglia et al., 2013 | |
| Rotavirus | / | dsRNA | McNulty et al., 1978 | |
| Sendai virus | Copy-back DI genomes | dsRNA | Mellman and Steinman, 2001; Yount et al., 2006; Yount et al., 2008; Yoshida et al., 2018 | |
| Suppress virus replication cycle | Vesicular stomatitis virus | Simple internal deletions DI genome | -ssRNA | Palma et al., 1974; Hanke et al., 2017 |
| Influenza virus | Simple internal deletions DI genome; Mutations DI genome | -ssRNA | Nayak et al., 1978 | |
| Mumps virus | Simple internal deletions DI genomes | -ssRNA | Santak et al., 2015 | |
| Rabies virus | / | -ssRNA | Morimoto et al., 2005 | |
| Poliovirus | Simple internal deletions DI genome; Mutations DI genome | + ssRNA | Lundquist et al., 1979 | |
| St. Louis encephalitis virus | Simple internal deletions DI genome | + ssRNA | Salas-Benito and De Nova-Ocampo, 2015 | |
| Epidemic encephalitis virus | Simple internal deletions DI genome | + ssRNA | Park et al., 2013 | |
| Sindbis virus | Simple internal deletions DI genomes | + ssRNA | Poirier et al., 2015; Kebschull et al., 2016 | |
| Hepatitis A virus | / | + ssRNA | Siegl, 1992 | |
| West Nile virus | / | + ssRNA | Brinton and Fernandez, 1983 | |
| Coxsackie virus | / | + ssRNA | M’Hadheb-Gharbi et al., 2007 | |
| Rubella virus | / | + ssRNA | Tzeng et al., 2001 | |
| Dengue virus | Simple internal deletions DI genomes | + ssRNA | Aaskov et al., 2006; Li et al., 2011; Juarez-Martinez et al., 2013 | |
| Yellow fever virus | Simple internal deletions DI genomes | + ssRNA | Juarez-Martinez et al., 2013 | |
| Sand virus | / | Ziegler et al., 2016 | ||
| Herpes virus | Simple internal deletions DI genomes; | dsDNA | Charvat et al., 2012 | |
| Adenovirus | / | dsDNA | Remenick et al., 1988 |