Table 2.
Percentage of participants consuming food groups and daily servings consumed during 12 months of follow‐up in children assigned to LNS or control (intent‐to‐treat)
| Food group | Baseline | 3 months | 6 months | 9 months | 12 months | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control (n = 138) | LNS (n = 160) | Control (n = 128) | LNS (n = 149) | Control (n = 127) | LNS (n = 150) | Control (n = 122) | LNS (n = 128) | Control (n = 111) | LNS (n = 129) | |
| Fruit | ||||||||||
| % consuming | 68 | 58 | 88 | 86 | 79 | 73 | 95 | 87 | 92 | 90 |
| Mean ± SD† | 1.51 ± 2.17 | 1.44 ± 2.23 | 1.36 ± 1.23 | 1.32 ± 1.37 | 1.43 ± 1.39 | 1.18 ± 1.25 | 2.12 ± 1.67 | 1.79 ± 1.62 | 3.06 ± 2.30 | 3.13 ± 2.46 |
| Difference between arms‡ | – | −0.05 | – | 0.01 | – | −0.21 | – | −0.34 | – | 0.16 |
| Vegetables | ||||||||||
| % consuming | 93 | 94 | 98 | 97 | 100 | 99 | 98 | 100 | 97 | 100 |
| Mean ± SD† | 0.32 ± 0.58 | 0.20 ± 0.33 | 0.46 ± 0.51 | 0.57 ± 0.83 | 0.69 ± 0.82 | 0.84 ± 1.14 | 1.21 ± 1.01 | 1.07 ± 1.01 | 1.31 ± 1.48 | 1.32 ± 1.34 |
| Difference between arms‡ | – | −0.12 | – | 0.22 | – | 0.25 | – | −0.08 | – | 0.10 |
| Grains | ||||||||||
| % consuming | 93 | 94 | 98 | 98 | 100 | 99 | 99 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Mean ± SD† | 1.19 ± 1.28 | 0.85 ± 1.01 | 1.34 ± 1.60 | 1.64 ± 1.70 | 2.10 ± 1.36 | 1.66 ± 1.59 | 2.02 ± 1.19 | 1.83 ± 1.23 | 2.41 ± 1.25 | 2.51 ± 1.79 |
| Difference between arms‡ | – | −0.32 | – | 0.62** | – | −0.12 | – | 0.03 | – | 0.39 |
| Meat and eggs | ||||||||||
| % consuming | 73 | 71 | 76 | 79 | 85 | 85 | 87 | 91 | 91 | 94 |
| Mean ± SD† | 0.42 ± 0.56 | 0.28 ± 0.37 | 0.44 ± 0.55 | 0.52 ± 0.63 | 0.94 ± 1.06 | 1.17 ± 1.70 | 1.32 ± 1.29 | 1.28 ± 1.71 | 1.51 ± 1.34 | 1.64 ± 1.31 |
| Difference between arms‡ | – | −0.14 | – | 0.23 | – | 0.35* | – | 0.02 | – | 0.23 |
| Dairy | ||||||||||
| % consuming | 63 | 54 | 80 | 92 | 83 | 96 | 82 | 92 | 87 | 93 |
| Mean ± SD† | 0.29 ± 0.90 | 0.21 ± 0.67 | 0.46 ± 0.67 | 0.43 ± 0.68 | 0.81 ± 1.15 | 0.69 ± 1.10 | 0.75 ± 1.21 | 0.58 ± 0.56 | 1.13 ± 1.30 | 0.82 ± 0.78 |
| Difference between arms‡ | – | −0.08 | – | 0.02 | – | −0.07 | – | −0.15 | – | −0.29* |
| Infant formula | ||||||||||
| % consuming | 96 | 95 | 94 | 91 | 87 | 82 | 82 | 67 | 72 | 55 |
| Mean ± SD† | 0.93 ± 2.58 | 0.90 ± 1.91 | 0.94 ± 2.03 | 1.11 ± 2.27 | 0.87 ± 1.98 | 1.22 ± 2.22 | 0.85 ± 1.81 | 0.92 ± 1.87 | 1.16 ± 2.05 | 0.75 ± 1.80 |
| Difference between arms‡ | – | −0.07 | – | 0.13 | – | 0.23 | – | −0.20 | – | −0.51* |
| Legumes | ||||||||||
| % consuming | 86 | 86 | 93 | 91 | 97 | 96 | 68 | 66 | 68 | 68 |
| Mean ± SD† | 0.35 ± 0.42 | 0.24 ± 0.28 | 0.44 ± 0.47 | 0.30 ± 0.28 | 0.61 ± 0.48 | 0.49 ± 0.40 | 0.37 ± 0.37 | 0.25 ± 0.27 | 0.40 ± 0.45 | 0.34 ± 0.39 |
| Difference between arms‡ | – | −0.11* | – | −0.03 | – | −0.01 | – | −0.02 | – | 0.04 |
| Nuts and nut butters | ||||||||||
| % consuming | 2 | 1 | 2 | 74 | 2 | 73 | 1 | 75 | 1 | 70 |
| Mean ± SD† | 0.09 ± 0.75 | 0.03 ± 0.28 | 0.04 ± 0.25 | 0.38 ± 0.40 | 0.03 ± 0.31 | 0.58 ± 0.57 | 0.00 ± 0.04 | 0.54 ± 0.49 | 0.02 ± 0.19 | 0.53 ± 0.42 |
| Difference between arms‡ | – | −0.06 | – | 0.41*** | – | 0.60*** | – | 0.59*** | – | 0.57*** |
| Fat | ||||||||||
| % consuming | 83 | 82 | 92 | 96 | 93 | 97 | 97 | 100 | 97 | 98 |
| Mean ± SD† | 0.90 ± 1.59 | 0.55 ± 1.49 | 1.05 ± 2.58 | 2.75 ± 3.28 | 1.73 ± 3.52 | 3.87 ± 4.24 | 1.62 ± 1.75 | 3.68 ± 4.36 | 1.71 ± 2.08 | 3.31 ± 1.98 |
| Difference between arms‡ | – | −0.33 | – | 2.00*** | – | 2.44*** | – | 2.28*** | – | 1.79*** |
| Sweets | ||||||||||
| % consuming | 64 | 54 | 60 | 95 | 65 | 89 | 70 | 96 | 69 | 91 |
| Mean ± SD† | 1.67 ± 6.61 | 1.03 ± 2.94 | 2.29 ± 4.72 | 4.03 ± 5.02 | 2.53 ± 4.51 | 4.74 ± 5.36 | 2.04 ± 3.67 | 4.32 ± 4.35 | 3.33 ± 3.86 | 5.72 ± 6.30 |
| Difference between arms‡ | – | −0.62 | – | 2.38** | – | 2.75*** | – | 2.62** | – | 2.91*** |
| Beverages | ||||||||||
| % consuming | 99 | 97 | 100 | 98 | 100 | 100 | 99 | 100 | 99 | 100 |
| Mean ± SD† | 1.12 ± 0.73 | 0.99 ± 0.72 | 1.31 ± 0.73 | 1.26 ± 0.80 | 1.64 ± 0.83 | 1.80 ± 1.01 | 1.63 ± 0.83 | 2.05 ± 0.92 | 1.67 ± 1.07 | 2.21 ± 1.03 |
| Difference between arms‡ | – | −0.11 | – | 0.07 | – | 0.26* | – | 0.47*** | – | 0.66*** |
| Miscellaneous | ||||||||||
| % consuming | 78 | 71 | 93 | 89 | 90 | 88 | 96 | 99 | 96 | 100 |
| Mean ± SD† | 0.11 ± 0.16 | 0.07 ± 0.15 | 0.15 ± 0.18 | 0.12 ± 0.16 | 0.23 ± 0.32 | 0.27 ± 0.49 | 0.32 ± 0.29 | 0.22 ± 0.21 | 0.32 ± 0.24 | 0.29 ± 0.22 |
| Difference between arms‡ | – | −0.03 | – | 0.00 | – | 0.07 | – | −0.07 | – | 0.00 |
LNS, lipid‐based nutrient supplements. Values are percentage and mean ± SD. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001. †Means are unadjusted. ‡Differences in mean values and P‐values for the differences were obtained from longitudinal generalised estimating equation models accounting for clustering at the village level and controlling for age, breastfeeding status and season. P‐values at baseline indicate the difference between study arms at that time point. P‐values for later visits compare the difference between study arms in change from baseline to that time point.