Table 4:

Simulation results: Relative biases and coverage rates of µ_ρw (average within-person relation) estimates when µ_ρw = −0.5, N = 100, and one predictor is included.

T	Individual differences in within-person relations exist										No individual differences in within-person relations
	Relative bias (%)					Coverage rates (%)					Relative bias (%)				Coverage rates (%)
	MG1	MG2	MG3	MPS	MEB	MG1	MG2	MG3	MPS	MEB	MG1	MG2	MG3	MPS	MG1	MG2	MG3	MPS
Between-person differences in within-person standard deviations of X and Y exist
5	2.3	−49.3	9.6	−7.7	−8.8	93.0	0.1	91.2	90.1	64.1	−15.6	−58.1	−15.6	−9.5	60.6	0.0	51.3	76.3
10	13.2	−40.3	16.5	−3.4	−11.3	79.3	0.4	73.3	92.6	40.7	−15.2	−55.3	−15.2	−3.7	28.3	0.0	23.9	91.9
20	28.0	−30.7	29.5	−1.5	−8.7	32.1	3.9	28.9	92.6	52.9	−15.4	−54.1	−15.4	−1.5	3.8	0.0	3.4	94.6
30	37.2	−25.1	38.1	−1.0	−6.7	12.1	11.6	11.1	94.0	65.6	−15.4	−53.8	−15.4	−0.8	1.0	0.0	0.8	95.9
56	50.6	−17.1	50.9	−0.8	−4.5	1.1	38.0	1.0	94.7	81.7	−15.2	−53.3	−15.2	−0.2	0.0	0.0	0.0	96.6
100	61.1	−11.2	61.2	−0.2	−2.4	0.2	59.2	0.2	94.9	90.1	−15.3	−53.4	−15.3	0.1	0.0	0.0	0.0	97.5
Between-person differences in within-person standard deviations exist for Y but not for X
5	−4.4	−52.5	−4.3	−7.7	13.4	95.5	0.0	95.7	88.3	46.9	−3.8	−52.1	−3.8	−9.6	96.6	0.0	94.4	77.7
10	−4.0	−49.4	−3.9	−3.1	5.5	94.4	0.0	94.4	90.9	62.1	−3.7	−49.2	−3.7	−3.8	93.2	0.0	91.4	89.1
20	−4.1	−48.0	−4.1	−1.5	2.7	93.3	0.0	93.5	94.5	79.8	−3.8	−47.9	−3.8	−1.6	87.2	0.0	85.9	94.8
30	−4.4	−47.8	−4.4	−1.2	1.5	90.9	0.0	90.7	93.9	85.4	−3.8	−47.4	−3.8	−0.9	78.3	0.0	77.4	96.0
56	−4.3	−47.5	−4.3	−0.7	0.8	90.4	0.0	90.4	93.9	90.6	−3.6	−46.9	−3.6	−0.1	61.4	0.0	60.7	97.1
100	−4.0	−46.9	−4.0	−0.2	0.7	90.4	0.0	90.4	93.8	92.4	−3.6	−46.9	−3.6	0.2	37.0	0.0	36.3	98.0
Between-person differences in within-person standard deviations of X and Y do not exist
5	−0.1	−51.7	−0.1	−7.6	7.1	96.4	0.0	96.4	86.5	56.1	0.8	−51.4	0.8	−8.9	98.0	0.0	96.0	79.4
10	0.2	−48.7	0.2	−3.2	1.1	95.6	0.0	95.9	92.7	62.5	0.4	−48.6	0.4	−3.8	97.5	0.0	96.8	90.1
20	0.2	−47.4	0.1	−1.4	−0.2	96.1	0.0	96.1	95.3	80.5	0.5	−47.1	0.5	−1.5	97.1	0.0	96.9	94.0
30	−0.2	−47.2	−0.2	−1.3	−0.7	95.1	0.0	95.0	92.9	82.2	0.6	−46.7	0.6	−0.7	97.4	0.0	97.3	94.9
56	−0.2	−46.7	−0.2	−0.7	−0.6	96.1	0.0	96.1	95.2	88.5	0.4	−46.4	0.4	−0.3	98.2	0.0	97.9	96.7
100	−0.1	−46.4	−0.1	−0.3	−0.3	92.3	0.0	92.3	92.3	90.0	0.5	−46.0	0.5	0.1	97.9	0.0	97.9	97.4

Note: M_G1: the person-mean centering (P-C) model in Eq (2) followed by global standardization in Eq (5); M_G2: the P-C model in Eq (2) followed by global standardization in Eq (6); M_G3: the P-C model in Eq (4) followed by global standardization in Eq (7); M_PS : the P-S standardization approach in Eq (9); M_EB: the P-C model in Eq (2) with EB standardization.