Table 5:

Simulation results from the models with two predictors included (N = 100).

T	X1 on Y (True value = 0)					X2 on Y (True value = −0.4)
	Coverage rates (%)					Relative bias (%)					Coverage rates (%)
	MG1	MG2	MG3	MPS	MEB	MG1	MG2	MG3	MPS	MEB	MG1		MG2	MG3	MPS	MEB
	Between-person differences in within-person standard deviations of X and Y exist
	Equal number of assessments across individuals
5	94.4	93.9	95.4	95.2	42.2	−7.5	−54.1	−2.9	−13.0	3.2		91.6	0.0	94.5	87.5	81.2
10	93.3	93.2	94.4	94.4	59.8	−2.5	−48.8	−0.6	−7.2	−4.3		94.6	0.0	95.8	93.3	76.7
20	93.8	93.9	94.1	95.2	80.6	4.5	−43.5	5.1	−3.0	−3.9		94.3	0.1	94.0	93.3	84.0
30	95.2	95.0	95.2	95.7	87.4	8.0	−40.9	8.3	−2.3	−3.3		93.2	0.4	93.0	95.0	89.8
56	94.7	95.0	94.7	95.1	91.1	12.9	−38.0	13.0	−0.6	−1.4		87.5	0.8	87.4	94.7	94.5
100	95.2	95.7	95.1	94.1	92.2	14.7	−36.6	14.8	−0.8	−1.3		85.5	3.5	85.5	94.2	95.7
	Unequal number of assessments across individuals
5	92.6	92.6	93.1	94.1	47.4	−6.9	−53.9	−2.3	−13.1	79.4	92.6		0.1	94.4	86.6	91.2
10	93.4	93.4	93.5	94.3	57.3	−1.5	−48.2	0.2	−6.6	0.1	94.0		0.0	94.0	91.9	80.8
20	94.2	94.2	94.2	94.2	79.3	4.2	−43.7	4.8	−3.8	−4.2	94.9		0.3	94.4	92.3	83.2
30	93.7	93.7	93.9	95.0	87.8	8.2	−41.0	8.6	−2.1	−3.1	91.8		0.7	91.6	94.4	89.6
56	95.0	95.0	94.9	94.7	91.7	13.4	−37.7	13.5	−0.5	−1.4	86.9		1.6	86.8	95.1	95.2
100	93.5	93.5	93.5	93.9	92.7	14.7	−36.6	14.8	−0.5	−1.1	84.7		2.8	84.6	94.3	94.2
	Between-person differences in within-person standard deviations of X and Y do not exist
	Equal number of assessments across individuals
5	93.8	93.7	94.4	93.7	45.1	−4.4	−53.9	−3.6	−13.2	4.2		92.9	0.0	93.7	87.5	82.3
10	94.6	95.2	94.7	94.1	66.9	−3.3	−50.4	−3.0	−7.0	−2.0		95.5	0.0	95.5	92.8	81.0
20	95.0	93.6	94.7	94.4	79.5	−1.7	−48.4	−1.6	−3.3	−1.8		94.9	0.0	94.9	94.4	88.0
30	93.4	93.0	93.5	93.6	85.5	−1.8	−47.9	−1.7	−2.8	−2.1		94.7	0.0	94.7	93.6	92.0
56	93.2	93.7	93.2	93.3	89.9	−0.9	−47.0	−0.8	−1.3	−1.1		94.4	0.0	94.4	94.9	94.2
100	94.2	94.0	94.2	94.0	92.0	−0.1	−46.5	−0.1	−0.4	−0.3		94.2	0.0	94.2	94.1	95.6
	Unequal number of assessments across individuals
5	94.2	94.6	94.6	94.3	45.1	−3.81	−53.57	−3.14	−12.83	47.45		95.0	0.0	95.2	89.0	92.3
10	94.0	94.3	93.9	94.0	64.6	−3.21	−50.36	−3.02	−7.23	−0.43		94.6	0.0	94.6	90.6	82.1
20	93.7	94.5	93.8	93.5	81.6	−2.11	−48.48	−2.03	−3.78	−2.15		94.3	0.0	94.4	93.8	86.7
30	95.2	95.2	95.3	95.2	87.1	−1.46	−47.74	−1.42	−2.42	−1.68		95.8	0.0	96.0	95.4	91.6
56	93.5	92.9	93.5	94.0	88.1	−1.37	−47.28	−1.36	−1.91	−1.69		94.7	0.0	94.8	94.8	94.3
100	93.7	94.3	93.7	94.4	92.5	−0.08	−46.41	−0.07	−0.32	−0.25		94.3	0.0	94.3	94.4	95.8

Note: M_G1: the person-mean centering (P-C) model in Eq (2) followed by global standardization in Eq (5); M_G2: the P-C model in Eq (2) followed by global standardization in Eq (6); M_G3: the P-C model in Eq (4) followed by global standardization in Eq (7); M_PS : the P-S approach in Eq (9); M_EB: the P-C model in Eq (2) with EB standardization. The empirical biases from the 5 methods were all between −.02 and .00 when the true value is 0 and thus are not listed to save space.