Table 2.

Summary of Outcomes by Surgical Approach and Indication

	Surgical Approach			Surgical Indication
Variable	Cervical (n = 1,295)	Thoracic (n = 309)	p Value	Benign (n = 1,209)	Malignant (n = 408)	p Value
Mortality	15 (1.1)	5 (1.6)	0.57	14 (1.1)	6 (1.5)	0.61
Length of stay, days	10.3 ± 14.1	10.6 ± 12.8	0.80	10.9 ± 15.1	8.9 ± 8.7	0.014
30-Day readmission rate	65 (5)	40 (13)	0.001	84 (7)	21 (5)	0.20
Major morbidity
Overall complication	249 (19.2)	93 (30.1)	0.001	255 (21.1)	89 (21.8)	0.78
Atelectasis	37 (2.9)	9 (2.9)	1.00	35 (2.9)	12 (2.9)	1.00
Pneumonia	31 (2.4)	22 (7.1)	0.001	34 (2.8)	19 (4.7)	0.08
ARDS	4 (0.3)	5 (1.6)	0.016	5 (0.4)	4 (1.0)	0.24
Ventilator > 48 hours	32 (2.5)	12 (3.9)	0.18	34 (2.8)	10 (2.5)	0.86
Pneumothorax	4 (0.3)	4 (1.3)	0.049	2 (0.2)	6 (1.5)	0.004
PE	1 (0)	2 (0.6)	0.097	1 (0.1)	2 (0.5)	0.16
Reintubation	47 (3.6)	16 (5.2)	0.25	54 (4.5)	10 (2.5)	0.08
Unplanned return to OR	67 (5.2)	25 (8.1)	0.056	69 (5.7)	23 (5.6)	1.00
BPF	3 (0.2)	0(0)	1.00	2 (0.2)	1 (0.2)	1.00
Tracheostomy	41 (3.2)	5 (1.6)	0.18	43 (3.6)	4 (1.0)	0.006
Arrhythmia	30 (2.3)	22 (7.1)	0.001	29 (2.4)	23 (5.6)	0.003
MI	2 (0.2)	0(0)	1.00	2 (0.2)	0(0)	1.00
DVT	5 (0.4)	8 (2.6)	0.001	8 (0.7)	5 (1.2)	0.33
UTI	22 (1.7)	9 (2.9)	0.17	20 (1.6)	11 (2.7)	0.21
Empyema	0 (0)	2 (0.6)	0.037	0(0)	2 (0.5)	0.06
Recurrent nerve injury	12 (0.9)	5 (1.6)	0.35	7 (0.6)	10 (2.5)	0.003
New renal failure	8 (0.6)	4 (1.3)	0.26	10 (0.8)	2 (0.5)	0.74
Anastomotic complication	3 (0.2)	3(1)	0.09	1 (0.1)	5 (1.2)	0.005
Chylothorax	3 (0.2)	2 (0.6)	0.25	2 (0.2)	3 (0.7)	0.11
Wound infection	60 (4.6)	15 (4.9)	0.88	67 (5.5)	9 (2.2)	0.004
Sepsis	10 (0.8)	4 (1.3)	0.33	13 (1.1)	1 (0.2)	0.21
Delirium	14 (1)	5 (1.6)	0.39	14 (1.2)	5 (1.2)	1.00

Values are expressed as mean ± SD or n (%).

ARDS = acute respiratory distress syndrome; BPF = bronchopleural fistula; DVT = deep vein thrombosis; MI = myocardial infarction; OR = operating room; PE = pulmonary embolism; UTI = urinary tract infection.