Table 3.
Mean raw scores on cognitive measures for former CFL players (n = 61) and control participants (n = 31)a.
| All retired athletes M (SD) | Control participants M (SD) | T (df), p | d | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Go/no-go errors+ | 12.3 (5.7) | 9.7 (4.9) | 2.07 (88), 0.041 | 0.48 |
| Go/no-go RT+ | 358.3 (92.4) | 377.1 (80.9) | −0.95 (88), 0.346 | −0.22 |
| Go/no-go IIV+ | 28.2 (11.7) | 24.9 (7.5) | 1.43 (88), 0.156 | 0.34 |
| RAVLT trials 1–5 total score+ | 45.1 (9.3) | 46.9 (7.7) | −0.94 (90), 0.351 | −0.21 |
| RVDLT trials 1–5 total score+ | 39.4 (11.4) | 39.9 (11.1) | −0.19 (90), 0.854 | −0.04 |
| SDMT-O total correct | 61.2 (12.3) | 63.3 (12.7) | −0.74 (90), 0.461 | −0.16 |
| Trails A total time (sec) | 25.0 (7.5) | 27.3 (11.1) | −1.19 (90), 0.238 | −0.25 |
| Trails B total time (sec)+ | 62.56 (23.7) | 65.6 (25.4) | −0.56 (90), 0.579 | −0.12 |
| Spatial span forwards SS | 11.4 (2.6) | 11.3 (2.5) | 0.07 (90), 0.947 | 0.02 |
| Spatial span backwards SS | 12.52 (2.8) | 12.4 (2.8) | 0.22 (90), 0.826 | 0.05 |
| Digit span forwards %ile | 63.5 (31.4) | 52.1 (30.0) | 1.67 (90), 0.098 | 0.37 |
| Digit span backwards %ile | 66.9 (27.8) | 59.3 (24.9) | 1.29 (90), 0.202 | 0.29 |
+
Denotes 1-tailed test applies.
a
SART scores for one control participant and one retired professional football player were invalid and therefore excluded. SART, Sustained Attention to Response Task; RT, Reaction Time; RAVLT, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test; RVDLT, Rey Visual Design Learning Test; SDMT-O, Symbol Digit Modalities Test-Oral; CFL, Canadian Football League (indicates former professional football player group).