Tab. 2:

Milestones on the road towards a new approach to carcinogenicity testing

Date	Event	Who was involved
1995	Joint proposal for a new OECD TG for the in vitro Syrian Hamster Embryo (SHE) Cell Transformation Assay (CTA)	USA and France
1998	Workshop on “Cell transformation assays as predictors of carcinogenicity”	ECVAM
2006	Workshop on “How to reduce false positive results when undertaking in vitro genotoxicity testing and thus avoid unnecessary follow-up animal tests”	EURL ECVAM
2006–2011	EU-6 Framework Project CarcinoGENOMICS	DG RTD / EU Consortium
2011	ESAC Opinion on prevalidation of in vitro Syrian Hamster Embryo (SHE) Cell Transformation Assay	EURL ECVAM
2012	ESAC opinion on validation of in vitro Bhas42 Cell Transformation Assay	JaCVAM /EURL ECVAM
2009	Acceptance of transgenic models as alternative to bioassay in second species	ICH
2013	ICH Regulatory Notice Document announcing the evaluation of an alternative approach to the 2-year rat carcinogenicity test	ICH and Drug Regulatory Authorities
2015	Starting activity on IATA for non-genotoxic carcinogens	OECD
2015	Adoption of Guidance Document No. 214 on the in vitro Syrian Hamster Embryo (SHE) Cell Transformation Assay	OECD
2016	Adoption of Guidance Document No. 231 on the in vitro Bhas42 Cell Transformation Assay	OECD
2016	Inclusion of characteristics of carcinogens in systematic reviews for Monograph program	IARC
2017	Initiation of the project on predicting carcinogenicity of agrochemicals	EPAA

Abbreviations: DG RTD, EU Directorate General Research and Technological Development; ECVAM, European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods; EPAA, European Partnership for Alternative Approaches to Animal Testing; EURL, European Reference Laboratory; IARC, International Agency for Research on Cancer; ICH, International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use; JaCVAM, Japanese Center for the Validation of Alternative Methods; OECD, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development