TABLE I.

Hands-on microfluidic activities for different contexts.

	Context	Time limits	Resources and/or constraints	Fabrication methods	Learning activities
Informal learning environment	Drop-in stand (Science Festival, museum, University Open Day, etc.)	5–10 min	•Safe/nontoxic •Low-cost •Disposable •Volunteers •Robust	•Wax crayon paperfluidics 18 •Modular microfluidics (e.g., LEGO brick fluidics 16 ) •Macroscale demonstrations	•Hydrophobic patterning of paper 18 •Minecraft virtual demonstrations 73
	School visit	30–60 min	•Safe/nontoxic •Low-cost •Disposable •Portable	•Wax crayon paperfluidics 18 •Pre-printed wax paperfluidics 94 •Chocolate molding 18	•Predicting mixing under laminar flow 19 •Macroscale demonstrations of microfluidics and associated technologies 18
	Workshop session on-campus	30–60 min	•Safe/nontoxic •Prepared in advance •Personal protective equipment	•Cut paperfluidics 96 •Coffee stirrer PDMS chips 62 •Tape-microfluidics 4,23 •Pre-made PDMS chips	Same as above plus: •Electrolysis of water 33 •Droplet generation 60,62
Formal learning environment	Introductory undergraduate lab	1–3 h	•Personal protective equipment •Teaching assistants	•Wax crayon paperfluidics 18 •Pre-made PDMS chips •Commercially available chips	•Separation of food dyes 26 •Quantitation of amino acids 29 •Acid-base titrations 34 •ELISA or other assays 28
	M.Sc. or specialized undergraduate course	Multiple days	•Personal protective equipment •Teaching assistants •Research-grade equipment	•Shrink-film microfluidics •Print-cut-laminate •Laser-cut laminated microfluidics •PDMS casting from pre-made molds	•Separations 21 •Nanoparticle synthesis 30 •PBL design of microfluidic chips 13