TABLE VI.
Previously reported protein-based biomarkers and their applications.
| Biomarker | Cancer type | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| α-Fetoprotein (AFP) | Testicular, germ cell tumors, HCC | 387, 392, 397, and 398 |
| Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) | Glioma (GLM), colorectal cancer (CRC) | 399 |
| α-Methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR) | Prostate | 388 |
| Androgen-receptor splice variant 7 (AR-V7) | Prostate | 63 |
| Bladder tumor-associated antigen (BTA) | Bladder | 392 and 397 |
| B2M | Multiple Myeloma | 390 |
| Calcitonin | Medullary thyroid | 390 |
| Carcinoma antigen 15-3 (CA15-3) | Breast | 392, 393, 397, 398, and 400 |
| Carcinoma antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) | Colon, pancreatic | 392, 397, 398, and 400 |
| Carcinoma antigen 27-29 (CA27-29) | Breast | 388, 392, 397, and 400 |
| Carcinoma antigen 125 (CA125) | Ovarian | 392, 397, and 398 |
| Carcinoma antigen 242 (CA242) | Colon | 400 |
| Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) | Bladder, breast, colon, lung, medullary thyroid | 388, 392, 397, 398, and 400 |
| Carboxypeptidase A4 (CPA4) | Pancreatic | 401 |
| Cytokeroatins (CKs) | Breast, lung | 388, 392, 402, and 403 |
| CYFRA21 | NSCLC | 390 |
| Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) | Colon, lung | 388, 392, and 397 |
| Fibrin degradation protein (FDP) | Bladder | 392, 397, and 402 |
| Human chorionic gonadotropin-β (hCGβ) | Testicular | 392, 397, and 400 |
| Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2) | Breast | 388, 392, 397, 398, 400, and 402–405 |
| KIT | Gastrointestinal stromal (GIST) | 392 and 397 |
| Mucin 1, cell surface associated (MUC-1) | Bladder, breast | 392 and 397 |
| Nuclear matrix protein 22 (NMP22) | Bladder | 392 and 397 |
| Neuron-specific enolase (NSE) | Lung, endocrine, SCLC | 388 |
| Oestrogen and progesterone receptor OPR | Breast | 397 |
| Plasminogen activator type 1 inhibitor (PAI-1) | Breast | 388 |
| Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) | Prostate | 392, 393, 397, and 398 |
| ProGRP | Lung, SCLC | 390 |
| SCCA | Lung | 390 |
| Trefoil factor 3 (TFF3) | Colon | 388 |
| Thyroglobulin | Thyroid | 392, 397, 398, 402, and 405 |
| TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 1 (TIMP1) | Colon | 400 |
| Tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA) | Breast | 388 and 400 |
| Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) | Breast | 388 |