Fig. 1.

Diagnoses and treatment for pediatric and adolescent cancer coincides with periods of massive neurodevelopmental change. Blue bars represent the incidence of pediatric cancer across development (Steliarova-Foucher et al., 2017). During normal development, myelination in the brain peaks during early childhood, while synapses, neuromodulators and neurotrophins, as well as anxiety disorders, peak during early adolescence (Lee et al., 2014). How treatment regimens may shift these normal developmental patterns of myelination, neural connectivity, or emerging psychopathology is of interest to the developmental neuroscience community.