Table 4.
Association between smoking status at interview and breast tumor DNA methylation, all cases, WEB study
| Gene | Smoking status | Premenopausal |
Postmenopausal |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| >M | <M | ORa | (95% CI) | >M | <M | ORa | (95% CI) | ||
| SFN | Never | 30 | 37 | 1.00 | (referent) | 63 | 66 | 1.00 | (referent) |
| Former | 25 | 21 | 1.45 | (0.67; 3.13) | 57 | 55 | 1.09 | (0.66; 1.82) | |
| Current | 9 | 11 | 1.00 | (0.35; 2.92) | 11 | 18 | 0.58 | (0.25; 1.35) | |
| p for trend | 0.72 | 0.45 | |||||||
| SCGB3A1 | Never | 39 | 19 | 1.00 | (referent) | 54 | 68 | 1.00 | (referent) |
| Former | 22 | 20 | 0.35 | (0.14; 0.89) | 45 | 62 | 0.92 | (0.54; 1.59) | |
| Current | 14 | 8 | 0.46 | (0.14; 1.50) | 17 | 14 | 1.80 | (0.79; 4.11) | |
| p for trend | 0.09 | 0.35 | |||||||
| RARB | Never | 36 | 29 | 1.00 | (referent) | 58 | 80 | 1.00 | (referent) |
| Former | 27 | 18 | 1.19 | (0.54; 2.62) | 62 | 71 | 1.20 | (0.74; 1.94) | |
| Current | 12 | 9 | 1.04 | (0.36; 2.98) | 10 | 22 | 0.59 | (0.26; 1.36) | |
| p for trend | 0.84 | 0.59 | |||||||
| GSTP1 | Never | 28 | 36 | 1.00 | (referent) | 63 | 74 | 1.00 | (referent) |
| Former | 29 | 17 | 2.18 | (0.99; 4.79) | 60 | 61 | 1.17 | 0.72; 1.92) | |
| Current | 15 | 9 | 2.17 | (0.78; 6.04) | 18 | 14 | 1.62 | (0.74; 3.54) | |
| p for trend | 0.06 | 0.23 | |||||||
| CDKN2A | Never | 26 | 27 | 1.00 | (referent) | 48 | 70 | 1.00 | (referent) |
| Former | 24 | 21 | 1.15 | (0.51; 2.59) | 57 | 49 | 1.69 | (1.00; 2.89) | |
| Current | 13 | 8 | 1.59 | (0.53; 4.72) | 19 | 14 | 2.12 | (0.96; 4.69) | |
| p for trend | 0.43 | 0.02 | |||||||
| CCND2 | Never | 18 | 18 | 1.00 | (referent) | 41 | 36 | 1.00 | (referent) |
| Former | 13 | 14 | 0.80 | (0.27; 2.33) | 35 | 41 | 0.73 | (0.38; 1.40) | |
| Current | 6 | 11 | 0.39 | (0.11; 1.42) | 9 | 9 | 1.02 | (0.36; 2.92) | |
| p for trend | 0.17 | 0.66 | |||||||
| BRCA1 | Never | 38 | 39 | 1.00 | (referent) | 76 | 78 | 1.00 | (referent) |
| Former | 23 | 32 | 0.75 | (0.37; 1.52) | 84 | 58 | 1.50 | (0.94; 2.37) | |
| Current | 9 | 11 | 0.88 | (0.31; 2.47) | 17 | 24 | 0.75 | (0.37; 1.53) | |
| p for trend | 0.60 | 0.86 | |||||||
| FHIT | Never | 41 | 36 | 1.00 | (referent) | ||||
| Former | 40 | 29 | 1.28 | (0.66; 2.49) | |||||
| Current | 7 | 10 | 0.69 | (0.24; 2.05) | |||||
| p for trend | 0.89 | ||||||||
| SYK | Never | 38 | 41 | 1.00 | (referent) | 79 | 85 | 1.00 | (referent) |
| Former | 31 | 22 | 1.60 | (0.78; 3.27) | 70 | 77 | 0.99 | (0.63; 1.54) | |
| Current | 13 | 10 | 1.56 | (0.59; 4.11) | 14 | 28 | 0.56 | (0.27; 1.16) | |
| p for trend | 0.23 | 0.22 | |||||||
a
Odds ratios (OR) for methylation above the median value and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated with unconditional logistic regression model adjusted for age in years, estrogen receptor status, and lifetime pack-years. Abbreviations: M, median; OR, odds ratio; SFN, stratifin; SCGB3A1, secretoglobin, family 3A, member 1; RARB, retinoic acid receptor, beta; GSTP1, glutathione S-transferase pi 1; CDKN2A, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A; CCND2, cyclin D2; BRCA1, breast cancer gene 1; FHIT, fragile histidine triad; SYK, spleen tyrosine kinase