TABLE 1.

Summary of Embryonic and Adult Vertebrate CACNA Expression Patterns^a

Gene	Embryonic Vertebrate Expressionb	Stage of Onsetb	Adult Vertebrate Expression
CACNA1S	Widespread1	2-cell (zebrafish)	Skeletal muscle7
CaV1.1	Dorsal mesoderm2	Gastrula (X. laevis)
L-type	Dorsal mesoderm/somites1,2 Pharyngeal arches	Neurula Swimming tadpole
CACNA1C	Neural tube/spinal cord, CN VII	Neurula	Brain (cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum)8,9, spinal cord motoneurons10,11, retina (IPL, INL, OPL)12,13, heart7, smooth muscle (blood vessels, intestine, lung, uterus)
CaV1.2	Forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain, CN V, heart3	Late tail bud
L-type	Pineal gland, CN VIII, IX, X, retina (GCL, INL)	Swimming tadpole
	Cochlear hair cells4	E8 (chick)
CACNA1D CaV1.3 L-type	Forebrain1 Pineal gland1, midbrain1, hindbrain1, ventralotic vesicle4, spinal cord1, retina1 (GCL, INL, ONL), heart3	Early tail bud Late tail bud	Brain (cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum)8,9, spinal cord motoneurons10,11, cochlear hair cells7, retina (GCL, IPL, INL, OPL, ONL)12, heart7, pancreas
CACNA1F CaV1.4 L-type	Retina (ONL)	Swimming tadpole	Retina (GCL, ONL)13, spinal cord7, lymphoid tissue
CACNA1A CaV2.1 P/Q-type	Neural tube/spinal cord, CN VII Hindbrain, CN V Forebrain, midbrain, retina (GCL, INL) Pineal gland, CN VIII, IX, X	Neurula Early tail bud Late tail bud Swimming tadpole	Brain (cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum, brainstem, olfactory bulb, thalamus)9,14, spinal cord motoneurons10,15, retina (GCL, IPL, INL, OPL)12,13, heart7, pancreas
CACNA1B CaV2.2 N-type	Neural tube/spinal cord, CN VII Hindbrain, CN V Forebrain, midbrain Retina (GCL, INL), CN VIII, IX, X	Neurula Early tail bud Late tail bud Swimming tadpole	Brain (cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum, brainstem)9, spinal cord motoneurons10,15, retina (GCL, IPL, INL, OPL, ONL)12,13
CACNA1E CaV2.3 R-type	Spinal cord (transient) Hindbrain (transient)	Early tail bud Late tail bud	Brain (cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum, brainstem, olfactory bulb, thalamus)9,14, spinal cord motoneurons10,16, retina (GCL, IPL, INL, ONL)12,13, heart7, testes
CACNA1G CaV3.1 T-type	Pineal gland, hindbrain, ventral otic vesicle4, spinal cord Forebrain, olfactory epithelium, midbrain, CN VII, retina (GCL, INL), heart3,5	Late tail bud Swimming tadpole	Brain (cortex, hippocampus, olfactory bulb, thalamus, hypothalamus, midbrain, cerebellum, medulla)7,17, spinal cord motoneurons17, ventral cochlear nucleus, dorsal cochlear nucleus, retina (GCL, INL, OPL)13, heart7, ovary
CACNA1H CaV3.2	Neural tube/spinal cord6 Forebrain6, midbrain6, hind-brain6, heart3,6	Neurula Late tail bud	Brain (cortex, hippocampus, olfactory bulb, thalamus, hypothalamus, midbrain)7,17,
T-type	Olfactory epithelium6, retina (GCL, INL), tail	Swimming tadpole	spinal cord motoneurons17, dorsal cochlear nucleus, retina (GCL, INL, OPL)13, heart7, smooth muscle, liver, kidney
CACNA1I CaV3.3 T-type	No expression detected	N/A	Brain (cortex, hippocampus, olfactory bulb, thalamus, hypothalamus, midbrain, cerebellum, medulla)7,17, dorsal cochlear nucleus17, retina (INL, OPL)13

^aBased on studies in mouse, rat, human, turtle, zebrafish, chick, and X. laevis.

References:

¹Sanhueza et al., 2009;

²Palma et al., 2001;

³Xu et al., 2003;

⁴Levic et al., 2007;

⁵Niwa et al., 2004;

⁶Son et al., 2002;

⁷Catterall et al., 2005;

⁸Hell et al., 1993;

⁹Plant et al., 1998;

¹⁰Westenbroek et al., 1998;

¹¹Simon et al., 2003;

¹²Xu et al., 2002;

¹³Witkovsky et al., 2006;

¹⁴Meacham et al., 2003;

¹⁵Aguilar et al., 2004;

¹⁶Castro et al., 2009;

¹⁷Talley et al., 1999.

^bItalics in these columns indicate expression patterns not observed in this study.