Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of US INTERMAP participants by quartiles of total fibre intake
(Mean values with their standard errors; percentages; n 2195)*
| Q1 |
Q2 |
Q3 |
Q4 |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Mean | SE | Mean | SE | Mean | SE | Mean | SE | Ptrend |
| n | 548 | 549 | 549 | 549 | |||||
| Men (%) | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | |||||
| Total fibre (g/4184kJ (g/1000 kcal)) | 5 | 0·1 | 8 | 0·1 | 9 | 0·1 | 12 | 0·1 | <0·0001 |
| Insoluble fibre (g/4184kJ (g/1000 kcal)) | 3 | 0·1 | 5 | 0·1 | 6 | 0·1 | 8 | 0·1 | <0·0001 |
| Soluble fibre (g/4184 kJ (g/1000 kcal)) | 2 | 0·03 | 3 | 0·03 | 3 | 0·03 | 4 | 0·03 | <0·0001 |
| Age (years) | 48 | 0·2 | 49 | 0·2 | 49 | 0·2 | 50 | 0·2 | <0·0001 |
| Education (years) | 14 | 0·1 | 15 | 0·1 | 15 | 0·1 | 15 | 0·1 | <0·0001 |
| Current smokers (%) | 26 | 19 | 13 | 9 | <0·0001 | ||||
| Alcohol intake (g/d) | 7 | 1 | 8 | 1 | 8 | 1 | 5 | 1 | <0·0001 |
| Engagement in moderate and heavy physical activity (h/d) | 4 | 0·1 | 3 | 0·1 | 3 | 0·1 | 3 | 0·1 | 0·12 |
| Taking dietary supplements (%) | 40 | 52 | 56 | 60 | <0·0001 | ||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 30·1 | 0·3 | 29·0 | 0·3 | 28·5 | 0·2 | 28·1 | 0·3 | <0·0001 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 120·6 | 0·6 | 119·2 | 0·6 | 118·4 | 0·6 | 116·3 | 0·6 | <0·0001 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 74·4 | 0·4 | 73·7 | 0·4 | 73·3 | 0·4 | 72·2 | 0·4 | 0·003 |
| History of CVD or diabetes mellitus (%) | 14 | 18 | 15 | 15 | 0·53 | ||||
| Use of antihypertensive and/or CVD treatment (%) | 27 | 22 | 24 | 22 | 0·17 | ||||
| Family history of hypertension (%) | 70 | 66 | 70 | 66 | 0·32 | ||||
| Adhering to energy-restricted diet (%) | 5 | 5 | 7 | 11 | <0·0001 | ||||
| Total energy intake (kJ/24 h) | 9874·2 | 100·4 | 9531·2 | 100·4 | 9342·9 | 100·4 | 8778·8 | 104·6 | <0·0001 |
| Total energy intake (kcal/24 h) | 2360 | 24 | 2278 | 24 | 2233 | 24 | 2098 | 25 | <0·0001 |
| Sugar (% energy) | 29 | 0·3 | 27 | 0·3 | 26 | 0·3 | 26 | 0·3 | <0·0001 |
| Total protein (% energy) | 15 | 0·1 | 15 | 0·1 | 16 | 0·1 | 16 | 0·1 | <0·0001 |
| Total fat (% energy) | 35 | 0·3 | 34 | 0·3 | 33 | 0·3 | 29 | 0·3 | <0·0001 |
| Urinary samples (mmol/24 h) | |||||||||
| Urinary Na | 155·3 | 2·3 | 163 | 2·2 | 164·8 | 2·2 | 167·3 | 2·4 | 0·003 |
| Urinary Mg | 3·7 | 0·1 | 4 | 0·1 | 4·4 | 0·1 | 4·8 | 0·1 | <0·0001 |
| Urinary Ca | 3·9 | 0·1 | 4 | 0·1 | 4·4 | 0·1 | 4·4 | 0·1 | 0·0003 |
| Urinary K | 49·2 | 0·8 | 55 | 0·8 | 60·8 | 0·8 | 66·0 | 0·8 | <0·0001 |
| Dietary sources (g/4184 kJ (g/1000 kcal)) | |||||||||
| Whole-grain and fibre-rich cereal | 7 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 8 | 4 | 14 | 4 | 0·08 |
| Refined grains | 32 | 1 | 29 | 1 | 30 | 1 | 26 | 1 | 0·01 |
| Legumes | 0·2 | 1 | 0·2 | 1 | 0·2 | 1 | 2·3 | 1 | 0·01 |
| Nuts and seeds | 0·1 | 0·1 | 0·1 | 0·1 | 0·3 | 0·1 | 0·4 | 0·1 | 0·67 |
| Vegetables | 43 | 3 | 55 | 4 | 67 | 4 | 80 | 4 | <0·0001 |
| Raw fruit | 25 | 2 | 38 | 2 | 44 | 2 | 55 | 2 | <0·0001 |
| Dried fruit | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 0·004 |
BP, blood pressure.
*
The generalised linear model was adjusted for age, sex, total energy (kJ/24 h (kcal/24 h)), total protein (% energy), total fat (% energy), total sugar (% energy) and population sample.