Table 2.

Estimated mean difference in blood pressure associated with 2 SD higher intakes of total fibre, insoluble fibre and soluble fibre in US INTERMAP participants

(Mean differences and 95 % confidence intervals; n 2195)^*

	SBP (mmHg)						DBP (mmHg)
	Not adjusted for BMI			Adjusted for BMI			Not adjusted for BMI			Adjusted for BMI
Model	Difference	95 % CI	P	Difference	95 % CI	P	Difference	95 % CI	P	Difference	95% CI	P
Total fibre
Model 1	−3·45	−4·74, −2·16	<00001	−2·35	−3·58, −1·11	0·0002	−1·80	−2·68, −0·92	<0·0001	−1·18	−2·04, −0·33	0·01
Model 2	−2·88	−4·20, −1·55	<0·0001	−1·69	−2·96, −0·41	0·01	−1·53	−2·43, −0·62	0·001	−0·85	−1·73, 0·04	0·06
Model 3	−2·91	−4·23, −1·59	<0·0001	−1·69	−2·97, −0·41	0·01	−1·54	−2·45, −0·64	0·001	−0·84	−1·73, 0·05	0·06
Model 4	−2·95	−4·31, −1·59	<0·0001	−1·63	−2·94, −0·33	0·01	−1·48	−2·41, −0·56	0·002	−0·73	−1·63, 018	0·12
Model 5	−2·90	−4·22, −1·57	<0·0001	−1·73	−3·01, −0·45	0·01	−1·54	−2·45, −0·64	0·001	−0·87	−1·76, 0·02	0·05
Model 6	−2·66	−4·05, −1·27	0·0002	−1·01	−2·35, 0·34	0·14	−1·37	−2·32, −0·42	0·01	−0·42	−1·35, 0·51	0·38
Insoluble fibref†
Model 1	−3·56	−5·50, −1·62	0·0003	−2·45	−4·30, −0·60	0·01	−2·23	−3·55, −0·91	0·001	−1·61	−2·89, −0·33	0·01
Model 2	−3·19	−5·11, −1·27	0·001	−2·07	−3·91, −0·23	0·03	−1·96	−3·28, −0·65	0·004	−1·32	−2·60, −0·04	0·04
Model 3	−3·15	−5·07, −1·23	0·001	−2·07	−3·92, −0·23	0·03	−1·94	−3·26, −0·63	0·004	−1·32	−2·60, −0·04	0·04
Model 4	−3·23	−5·17, −1·29	0·001	−2·01	−3·87, −0·16	0·03	−1·92	−3·25, −0·60	0·004	−1·23	−2·51, 0·06	0·06
Model 5	−3·15	−5·07, −1·23	0·001	−2·05	−3·89, −0·20	0·03	−1·95	−3·26, −0·63	0·004	−1·32	−2·59, −0·04	0·04
Model 6	−3·10	−5·03, −1·17	0·002	−1·81	−3·65, 0·04	0·06	−1·90	−3·22, −0·58	0·01	−1·16	−2·44, 0·12	0·08
Soluble fibre‡
Model 1	0·10	−1·88, 2·09	0·92	−0·02	−1·91, 1·86	0·98	0·37	−0·98, 1·72	0·59	0·30	−1·01, 1·72	0·65
Model 2	0·42	−1·54, 2·39	0·67	0·42	−1·46, 2·30	0·66	0·40	−0·94, 1·75	0·56	0·40	−0·90, 1 −70	0·55
Model 3	0·32	−1·64, 2·28	0·75	0·42	−1·46, 2·29	0·66	0·35	−0·99, 1·69	0·61	0·41	−0·90, 1·71	0·54
Model 4	0·40	−1·57, 2·37	0·69	0·41	−1·47, 2·29	0·67	0·41	−0·94, 1·75	0·55	0·42	−0·89, 1·72	0·53
Model 5	0·36	−1·60, 2·32	0·72	0·35	−1·52, 2·23	0·71	0·37	−0·97, 1·71	0·59	0·37	−0·94, 1·67	0·58
Model 6	0·61	−1·38, 2·59	0·55	0·88	−1·01, 2·78	0·36	0·53	−0·83, 1·88	0·45	0·68	−0·63, 2·00	0·31

DBP, diastolic blood pressure; SBP, systolic blood pressure.

^*2 SD fibres (g/4184 kJ (g/1000 kcal)) total fibre (6·8); insoluble fibre (4·6); soluble fibre (2·2). Model 1 was adjusted for age, gender, total energy (kJ/24 h (kcal/24 h)), total protein (% energy), total fat (% energy), total sugar (% energy) and population sample. Model 2 was adjusted as model 1 variables plus adherence to energy-restricted diet, smoking, alcohol intake (g/24 h), hours engaged in moderate and heavy physical activity, dietary supplement use, educational level, CVD or diabetes diagnosis and family history of high blood pressure. Model 3 was adjusted as model 2 plus urinary Na (mmol/24 h). Model 4 was adjusted as model 3 plus urinary Mg (mmol/24 h). Model 5 was adjusted as model 3 plus urinary calcium (mmol/24 h). Model 6 was adjusted as model 3 plus urinary K (mmol/24 h).

^†Additionally adjusted for soluble fibre (g/4184 kJ (g/1000 kcal)).

^‡Additionally adjusted for insoluble fibre (g/4184 kJ (g/1000 kcal)).