Table 3.

Estimated mean difference in blood pressure associated with 2 SD higher intakes of total fibre, insoluble fibre and soluble fibre in US INTERMAP participants, excluding those with hypertension and users of antihypertensive drugs

(Mean differences and 95% confidence intervals; n 1477)^*

	SBP (mmHg)						DBP (mmHg)
	Not adjusted for BMI			Adjusted for BMI			Not adjusted for BMI			Adjusted for BMI
Model	Difference	95 % CI	P	Difference	95 % CI	P	Difference	95 % CI	P	Difference	95% CI	P
Total fibre
Model 1	−3·50	−4·80,−2·20	<0·0001	−3·45	−4·74, −2·16	<0·0001	−2·01	−2·95, −1·06	<0·0001	−1·47	−2·37, −0·56	0·002
Model 2	−2·76	−4·11, −1·40	<0·0001	−1·82	−3·10, −0·54	0·01	−1·77	−2·75, −0·78	0·0004	−1·19	−2·13, −0·24	0·01
Model 3	−2·77	−4·12, −1·43	<0·0001	−1·85	−3·13, −0·57	0·005	−1·78	−2·75, −0·80	0·0004	−1·19	−2·14, −0·25	0·01
Model 4	−3·06	−4·44, −1·68	<00001	−2·05	−3·36, −0·74	0·002	−1·87	−2·87, −0·87	0·0003	−1·24	−2·20, −0·27	0·01
Model 5	−2·70	−4·05, −1·35	<0·0001	−1·79	−3·07, −0·52	·001	−1·73	−2·71, −0·76	0·001	−1·17	−2·11, −0·23	0·02
Model 6	−3·02	−4·43, −1·60	<0·0001	−1·69	−3·04, −0·34	0·014	−1·96	−2·99, −0·93	0·0002	−1·15	−2·14, −0·15	0·02
Insoluble fibre†
Model 1	−3·80	−5·80, −1·79	0·0002	−3·08	−4·98, −1·19	0·001	−2·90	−4·36, −1·45	<0·0001	−2·46	−3·85, −1·06	0·001
Model 2	−3·29	−5·30, −1·28	0·001	−2·54	−4·44, −0·65	0·01	−2·60	−4·05, −1·14	0·001	−2·13	−3·53, −0·74	0·003
Model 3	−3·15	−5·15, −1·15	0·002	−2·52	−4·42, −0·63	0·01	−2·52	−3·97, −1·07	0·001	−2·13	−3·52, −0·73	0·003
Model 4	−3·51	−5·53, −1·50	0·001	−2·71	−4·62, −0·81	0·01	−2·67	−4·14, −1·21	0·0004	−2·18	−3·58, −0·77	0·002
Model 5	−3·25	−5·25, −1·25	0·002	−2·52	−4·41, −0·63	0·01	−2·57	−4·03, −1·12	0·001	−2·12	−3·52, −0·73	0·003
Model 6	−3·37	−5·39, −1·36	0·001	−2·48	−4·38, −0·58	0·01	−2·66	−4·12, −1·20	0·0004	−2·11	−3·51, −0·71	0·003
Soluble fibre‡
Model 1	0·33	−1·66, 2·32	0·74	0·36	−1·51, 2·23	0·70	0·88	−0·56, 2·32	0·23	0·90	−0·48, 2·28	0·20
Model 2	0·68	−1·30, 2·66	0·50	0·79	−1·07, 2·66	0·41	0·82	−0·62, 2·26	0·26	0·89	−0·49, 2·26	0·21
Model 3	0·48	−1·50, 2·45	0·64	0·74	−1·13, 2·60	0·44	0·71	−0·72, 2·14	0·33	0·87	−0·51, 2·25	0·22
Model 4	0·63	−1·35, 2·61	0·54	0·75	−1·11, 2·61	0·43	0·80	−0·64, 2·24	0·27	0·88	−0·50, 2·25	0·21
Model 5	0·72	−1·25, 2·69	0·47	0·82	−1·04, 2·68	0·39	0·84	−0·59, 2·27	0·25	0·90	−0·47, 2·28	0·20
Model 6	0·55	−1·45, 2·55	0·59	0·89	−0·99, 2·77	0·35	0·71	−0·74, 2·16	0·34	0·92	−0·47, 2·31	0·19

DBP, diastolic blood pressure; SBP, systolic blood pressure.

^*2 SD fibres (g/4184 kJ (g/1000 kcal)) total fibre (6·9); insoluble fibre (4·8); soluble fibre (2·2). Model 1 was adjusted for age, gender, total energy (kJ/24 h (kcal/24 h)), total protein (% energy), total fat (% energy), total sugar (% energy) and population sample. Model 2 was adjusted as model 1 variables plus adherence to energy-restricted diet, smoking, alcohol intake (g/24 h), hours engaged in moderate and heavy physical activity, dietary supplement use, educational level, CVD or diabetes diagnosis and family history of high blood pressure. Model 3 was adjusted as model 2 plus urinary Na (mmol/24 h). Model 4 was adjusted as model 2 plus urinary Mg (mmol/24 h). Model 5 was adjusted as model 2 plus urinary calcium (mmol/24 h). Model 6 was adjusted as model 2 plus urinary K (mmol/24 h).

^†Additionally adjusted for soluble fibre (g/4184 kJ (g/1000 kcal)).

^‡Additionally adjusted for insoluble fibre (g/4184 kJ (g/1000 kcal)).