Table 2.
Characteristics of participants by quintile of usual, animal-based, and plant-based LCD score-INTERMAP/INTERLIPID Study, Japan
| Variable | Usual LCD |
Animal-based LCD |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quintile 1 | Quintile 3 | Quintile 5 | Trend P | Quintile 1 | Quintile 3 | Quintile 5 | Trend P | |
| LCD score | 0–8 | 14–17 | 22–30 | 0–8 | 14–17 | 22–30 | ||
| N (1097) | 219 | 242 | 216 | 222 | 229 | 207 | ||
| Age (year) | 50.1 ± 5.7 | 49.4 ± 5.0 | 49.1 ± 5.0 | 0.040 | 50.4 ± 5.6 | 49.8 ± 5.0 | 48.6 ± 4.9 | 0.007 |
| Men (%) | 52.5 % | 46.3 % | 49.5 % | 0.702 | 47.8 % | 45.9 % | 49.3 % | 0.501 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.3 ± 2.7 | 23.5 ± 2.9 | 23.7 ± 3.0 | 0.039 | 23.4 ± 2.6 | 23.3 ± 2.8 | 23.8 ± 3.0 | 0.054 |
| LDLc (mg/dL) | 121.1 ± 30.7 | 124.3 ± 29.9 | 117.7 ± 30.0 | 0.052 | 122.8 ± 31.1 | 123.1 ± 29.8 | 119.6 ± 29.4 | 0.067 |
| HDLc (mg/dL) | 52.5 ± 12.9 | 58.0 ± 14.8 | 58.1 ± 14.9 | <0.001 | 52.4 ± 12.8 | 58.1 ± 14.4 | 58.3 ± 15.2 | <0.001 |
| TC (mg/dL) | 196.3 ± 32.3 | 203.3 ± 31.1 | 200.4 ± 30.5 | 0.164 | 196.7 ± 33.4 | 201.3 ± 32.1 | 202.0 ± 30.4 | 0.110 |
| UA (mg/dL) | 5.0 ± 1.3 | 4.9 ± 1.4 | 5.1 ± 1.4 | 0.224 | 5.0 ± 1.4 | 4.9 ± 1.4 | 5.1 ± 1.3 | 0.120 |
| CRP# (mg/L) | 0.33 | 0.30 | 0.28 | 0.044 | 0.32 | 0.31 | 0.29 | 0.248 |
| (0.19, 0.73) | (0.16, 0.56) | (0.15, 0.57) | (0.16, 0.71) | (0.16, 0.58) | (0.15, 0.64) | |||
| HbA1c (%) | 4.6 ± 0.7 | 4.7 ± 0.6 | 4.7 ± 0.7 | 0.350 | 4.6 ± 0.6 | 4.6 ± 0.6 | 4.7 ± 0.7 | 0.076 |
| Smoking (cigarettes/day) | 7.6 ± 12.0 | 5.3 ± 10.4 | 5.3 ± 10.0 | 0.039 | 6.3 ± 11.4 | 5.1 ± 9.9 | 6.0 ± 11.1 | 0.434 |
| PA score | 33.7 ± 8.6 | 32.0 ± 7.6 | 30.4 ± 5.5 | <0.001 | 33.6 ± 8.2 | 32.1 ± 7.3 | 31.0 ± 7.1 | <0.001 |
| Edu ≥ 16 year | 5.5 % | 8.3 % | 15.3 % | <0.001 | 5.9 % | 3.9 % | 15.9 % | <0.001 |
| Plant-based LCD |
||||||||
| Quintile 1 | Quintile 3 | Quintile 5 | Trend P | |||||
| LCD score | 0–10 | 14–16 | 20–29 | |||||
| N (1097) | 241 | 218 | 239 | |||||
| Age (year) | 49.7 ± 5.6 | 49.1 ± 5.1 | 48.9 ± 5.3 | 0.022 | ||||
| Men (%) | 57.7 % | 52.3 % | 45.6 % | 0.010 | ||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.3 ± 2.9 | 23.5 ± 2.9 | 23.5 ± 2.9 | 0.457 | ||||
| LDLc (mg/dL) | 122.2 ± 30.3 | 122.5 ± 28.8 | 121.0 ± 31.3 | 0.055 | ||||
| HDLc (mg/dL) | 53.5 ± 13.6 | 56.4 ± 14.5 | 59.1 ± 15.0 | <0.001 | ||||
| TC (mg/dL) | 199.0 ± 31.9 | 200.8 ± 30.5 | 201.4 ± 32.8 | 0.649 | ||||
| UA (mg/dL) | 5.1 ± 1.3 | 5.1 ± 1.4 | 4.9 ± 1.4 | 0.090 | ||||
| CRP# (mg/L) | 0.34 | 0.32 | 0.28 | 0.003 | ||||
| (0.18, 0.77) | (0.15, 0.67) | (0.15, 0.54) | ||||||
| HbA1c (%) | 4.6 ± 0.5 | 4.6 ± 0.6 | 4.7 ± 0.7 | 0.651 | ||||
| Smoking (cigarettes/day) | 8.2 ± 12.2 | 6.6 ± 11.0 | 4.7 ± 9.8 | <0.001 | ||||
| PA score | 33.5 ± 8.7 | 32.5 ± 7.3 | 31.1 ± 5.9 | <0.001 | ||||
| Edu ≥ 16 year | 6.6 % | 8.7 % | 12.3 % | 0.007 | ||||
Values by quintile of three types of LCD score are mean ± SD, percent, or #median (25th and 75th percentile) (only quintile 1, 3, 5 values are shown). Trend P values are for the relationship between the variables listed on the left and quintile of the diet score, obtained by the Mantel–Haenzel Chi-square test or the “contrast” option for linear regression analysis, shown
Italic values indicate statistical significance at the 5 % level
LCD low-carbohydrate diet, BMI body mass index (kg/m2), LDLc serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration (mg/dL), HDLc serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration (mg/dL), TC total cholesterol concentration (mg/dL), UA uric acid (mg/dL), CRP C-reactive protein (mg/L), HbA1c hemoglobin A1c (%), Smoking smoking (cigarettes/d), PA score the Framingham Study physical activity index score, Edu education