TABLE 1.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ENROLLED PATIENTS
| Characteristic |
Total N=275* |
Surrogate does not have optimistic prognostic expectations (N=124) |
Surrogate has optimistic prognostic expectations (N=121) |
pa | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, year | Mean 58.2, SD 16.5 |
Mean 57.7, SD 16.3 |
Mean 59.4, SD 16.5 |
0.434 | |
| Sex (male) | 152 (55.3) | 62 (50.0) | 69 (57.0) | 0.306 | |
| Hispanic | 21 (9.0) | 10 (9.2) | 11 (10.6) | 0.820 | |
| Race White Black Asian Native American Multiethnic |
222 (81.9) 31 (11.4) 13 (4.8) 2 (0.7) 3 (1.1) |
107 (87.7) 10 (8.2) 3 (2.5) 1 (0.8) 1 (0.8) |
91 (76.5) 18 (15.1) 8 (6.7) 0 2 (1.7) |
0.084 | |
| Admission source Home Acute care facility/Outside hospital Long-term acute care facility Skilled nursing facility Rehabilitation center Other |
142 (51.8) 113 (41.2) 4 (1.5) 11 (4.0) 2 (0.7) 2 (0.7) |
61 (49.2) 53 (42.7) 4 (3.2) 4 (3.2) 1 (0.8) 1 (0.8) |
67 (55.4) 45 (37.2) 0 7 (5.8) 1 (0.8) 1 (0.8) |
0.280 | |
| Admission diagnosisb Respiratory failure Cardiovascular Genitourinary Gastrointestinal Trauma Neurologic failure Hematologic Metabolic |
134 (36.1) 105 (28.3) 36 (9.7) 34 (9.2) 28 (7.5) 20 (5.4) 10 (2.7) 4 (1.1) |
64 (37.2) 48 (27.9) 20 (11.6) 13 (7.6) 11 (6.4) 11 (6.4) 3 (1.7) 2 (1.2) |
61 (38.9) 45 (28.7) 11 (7.0) 16 (10.2) 12 (7.6) 5 (3.2) 5 (3.2) 2 (1.3) |
0.636 | |
| APACHE II score at enrollment | Mean 31.6, SD (5.2) |
Mean 30.9, SD 5.3 |
Mean 32.2, SD 5.0 |
0.042 | |
| APACHE II score on the patient’s fifth day on mechanical ventilation | Mean 26.6, SD (6.7) |
Mean 25.6, SD (7.0) |
Mean 27.3, SD (6.0) |
0.043 | |
| Full code at enrollment | 245 (89.1) | 114 (91.9) | 104 (86.0) | 0.156 | |
| Survival estimate by the surrogate, % | Mean 71.4, SD 32.4 |
Mean 59.5, SD 36.8 |
Mean 82.9, SD 22.2 |
<0.001 | |
| Survival prognostication by the clinician, % | Mean 55.2, SD 29.7 |
Mean 63.7, SD 30.9 |
Mean 47.3, SD 26.0 |
<0.001 | |
| In-hospital mortality | 122 (44.4) | 55 (44.4) | 52 (43.0) | 0.898 | |
| Length of ICU stay from enrollment, day | Mean 16.3, SD 19.7 |
Mean 14.5, SD 15.4 |
Mean 18.2, SD 23.6 |
0.150 |
*
Physician-surrogate discordance score can be determined only in 245 patients due to missing data on physicians’ or surrogates’ prognostications in 30 cases
a
Comparison tests used were t-test and Fisher’s exact test, comparing surrogates with optimistic prognostic expectations to those without optimistic prognostic expectations.
b
A patient may have more than one admission diagnoses. Total number of listed diagnoses is 371.
Definition of abbreviations: APACHE II = Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II; ICU = intensive care unit.
Data are presented as no. (%) unless otherwise noted.