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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Aug 16.
Published in final edited form as: ACS Biomater Sci Eng. 2017 Jul 11;3(9):2033–2049. doi: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00307

Figure 3.

Figure 3.

Wide-bandwidth nanorheometric test of cartilage poroelasticity at the nanoscale. (a) Top panel: schematic of the custom-designed nanorheometer. Bottom panel: representative force and displacement profiles that contain the dynamic oscillation in the form of a frequency sweep at 1–10 kHz or a random binary sequence (RBS). Adapted with permission from ref 86. Copyright 2013 Biophyscial Society. (b) Frequency spectra of complex dynamic modulus ∣E*∣ and phase angle δ of normal, GAG-depleted bovine cartilage and aggrecan monolayer (mean ±95% CI of 6 different locations on the same sample), as well as corresponding equilibrium modulus EL and hydraulic permeability k (mean ± SEM, n = 4 animals for cartilage and n = 3 plates for aggrecan, *p < 0.05). Adapted with permission from ref 91. Copyright 2015 American Chemical Society.