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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Aug 16.
Published in final edited form as: ACS Biomater Sci Eng. 2017 Jul 11;3(9):2033–2049. doi: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00307

Figure 6.

Figure 6.

Applications of AFM-nanoindentation on murine cartilage in the studies of development and osteoarthritis. (a) Development phenotype of cartilage T/IT-ECM and PCM in the absence of type VI collagen. Left panel: elastic modulus maps obtained via IF-guided AFM on 2-month-old wild-type (WT) and Col6a1−/− murine femoral head cartilage, and corresponding perlecan-labeled IF image. Right panel: comparison of the T/IT-ECM and PCM moduli between WT and Col6a1−/− cartilage at 2 and 9 month ages (mean ± SEM of ≥24 sites from n = 3 animals; *p < 0.05 between genotypes). Adapted with permission from ref 141. Copyright 2015 American College of Rheumatology. (b) Comparison of the high frequency modulus, EH, and hydraulic permeability, k, of 220 day old knee cartilage from WT and aggrecanase-resistant (Jaffa) mice after forced wheel running (mean ± SEM, n ≥ 3). Adapted with permission from ref 143. Copyright 2008 Elsevier Ltd. (c) Nanoindentation modulus precedes histological signs in post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) in mice. Comparison of the timelines of cartilage modulus reduction (EDMM/ESham) versus histology-based modified Mankin scores in PTOA induced by the destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) performed on 3 month old C57BL/6 male WT mice (mean ±95% CI, n ≥ 5). Adapted with permission from ref 145. Copyright 2016 Osteoarthritis Research Society International.