Table 3. Types of injuries and results of functional and aesthetic outcomes after primary intervention.
| Type | Subunit | No. | Main injury | Functional outcomes | Aesthetic outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Simple | Periocular | 25 | Skin wounds | – | Three cases needed revision |
| 1 | Levator palpebrae superioris injury | Ptosis | Poor a | ||
| Frontal | 10 | Skin wounds | – | Three cases needed revision | |
| Malar | 5 | Skin wounds | – | One case needs revision | |
| Extended | 63 | Skin wounds | – | Nine cases need scar revisions | |
| Composite | Periocular | 10 | Skin lacerations + cut levator injury | Two cases with ptosis (due to delayed interference) | Two cases were poor a |
| 8 | Skin lacerations + tear of medial canthus | Two cases needed re-fixation of medial canthal ligament |
Two cases were average
a
Two cases had epicanthal fold and needs revision |
||
| 16 | Skin lacerations + tarsus, conjunctiva ± lacrimal canaliculi | Two cases with disturbed lacrimal system | One case needs scar revision Two cases have minor eyelid colobomas |
||
| 6 | Skin lacerations + eyelid structures (tarsus, conjunctiva) + globe affection | RGF | One case needs scar revision | ||
| Frontal | 0 | – | – | – | |
| Temple | 4 | Lacerated skin and muscles | RGF | Good | |
| Malar | 8 | Lacerated skin and muscles | RGF | Two cases needed fat injection to achieve symmetry | |
| Extended | 5 | Periocular + frontal + temporal | One case needed re-fixation of medial canthal ligament |
Two cases were average
a
Four patients had loss of crease/line between subunits |
|
| 4 | Periocular + malar | RGF | |||
| 8 | Periocular + frontal | One case needed re-fixation of medial canthal ligament | |||
| Complex | Periocular | 16 | Eyelid injuries with orbital fractures | Five cases had enophthalmos | Five cases were average a |
| Two case had telecanthus required redo | Two cases were poor a | ||||
| 8 | Naso-orbital ethmoidal fractures + tear of medial canthal ligament | One case was not corrected | One case with depressed nasal root and shortened nose | ||
| Frontal | 10 | Frontal sinus fractures + lacerated skin | RGF | Two cases needed correction of irregularities of frontal bone | |
| Temple | 0 | – | – | – | |
| Malar | 0 | – | – | – | |
| Extended cases | 2 | Orbital fractures/nasoethmoid + frontal sinus fracture ± tear of medial canthal ligament | RGF | One case needed scar revision and correction of irregularities of frontal bone | |
| 2 | Orbital fractures + zygoma and maxilla + tear of medial canthal ligament | One case had telecanthus orbital dystopia | One case had conspicuous scar | ||
| Isolated bone lesion | Periocular | 22 | Orbital fractures Mainly blow-out inferior orbital fracture |
Four have mild enophthalmos | Four cases were average a |
| Three have entrapped muscle with limited upper gaze | Three cases were average a | ||||
| Frontal | 9 | Frontal sinus fractures | RGF | One case had forehead irregularities | |
| Temple | 0 | – | – | – | |
| Malar | 12 | Fracture zygomatic arch | Improved painful mastication in all | Two cases had prominent arch | |
| Extended | 2 | Frontal and temporal bones and orbital roof fracture | RGF | Good | |
| 4 | Orbital fractures + frontal sinus | RGF | Good |
Abbreviation: RGF, restored good function.
a
Aesthetic outcome was affected by the functional deficit.