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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Jan 31.
Published in final edited form as: Nature. 2019 Jul 31;572(7769):329–334. doi: 10.1038/s41586-019-1451-5

Fig. 4. Sources of bacterial signals detected in human placental samples.

Fig. 4

Bacteria may sometimes be present in utero, such as S. agalactiae. Bacteria or bacterial DNA also frequently contaminate the placenta during labour and delivery (e.g. Lactobacillus), during sample collection (e.g. D. geothermalis), and always during sample processing (e.g. B. silvatlantica and T. halophila). Contamination may also occur during library preparation or sequencing from other projects carried out at the facility (e.g. V. cholera in the metagenomic sequencing).