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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Feb 1.
Published in final edited form as: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2019 Jun 23;1450(1):190–203. doi: 10.1111/nyas.14167

Figure 4.

Figure 4.

Prevalence of anemia among women of reproductive age (15−49 years) based on different criteria to adjust for hemoglobin for altitude and smoking.* Note: *The United Kingdom and the United States adjusted for smoking only; Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Bolivia, Laos, and Malawi adjusted for altitude only. All adjustments subtracted from the individual’s Hb concentration. Anemia defined as Hb < 120 g/L. **Prevalence weighted to be nationally representative, except for Bolivia, as it was not sampled to be a representative survey.

aWHO (2001) based on WHO recommended cutoffs for altitude and smoking.2

bMMWR (1989) based on the equation Hb_adjust_altitude (g/L) = [(−0.032 (altitude ×0.0032808) + 0.022 × (altitude × 0.0032808)2) × 10] and the WHO recommended cutoffs for smoking.2,10

cProposed adjustments, Hb_adjust_altitude (g/L) (0. 0052792 × altitude2); Smoker, cigarette quantity known Hb_adjust_smoking (g/L) = (0.4459 ×cigarette_number)+(−0.007× cigarette_number2); Smoker, cigarette quantity unknown Hb_adjust_smoking (g/L) = 2.