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. 2019 Aug 16;9:11959. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-48497-3

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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scheme of the effects of the dopant precursor on the resulting ZnO/PAA nanohybrids. The interaction is threefold: affecting the architecture of the mesospheres, of the ZnO nanocrystal size and the amount and nature of the gap states in the ZnO nanocrystals. The latter can be radiative or non-radiative and related to levels of the dopant itself or to native defects of ZnO (vacancies and interstitials).