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. 2019 Aug 16;10:3698. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-11627-6

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Phosphonates in nature. a Small molecule bioactive natural products fosfomycin and phosphinothricin. b Biosynthesis of the common phosphonate AEP from phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) via the intermediacy of phosphonopyruvate (PnPy) and phosphonoacetaldehyde (PnAA). Cofactors in parentheses are thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) and pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP). Unknown phosphonyl tailoring (Pnt) biosynthetic steps lead from AEP to c, cell surface phosphonoglycans like that isolated from Bacteroides fragilis