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. 2019 Aug 16;9:11954. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-48434-4

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Schematic representation of study design and sample selection. The work presented here is based on HEU and HU cord blood samples of two studies conducted in Nairobi, Kenya^20,21. Sample availability (presence of mother-child sample pairs), health history of the mother (no maternal history of Treponema pallidium, Trichomonas vaginallis, Candida, Neisseria gonorrhea, or Chlamydia), as well as baseline neonatal data were used as selection criteria. Both studies share similar socio-economic determinants and health-related information, allowing comparability of the samples.