Table 2.
Classes of HIV-1 provirus latency reversing agents
| Examples | Txn. target(s)a | References | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cytokines/receptor agonists | |||
| Interleukins | IL-2, IL-7, IL-15 | [83] | |
| TCR/Co-receptor activators | Maraviroc. | [84] | |
| Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists | TLR2, 3, 7, 8, 9 agonists | [85] | |
| Epigenetic modifiers | |||
| HDAC inhibitors | Vorinistat, panobinostat, AR-42, MS-275, chidamide | HDAC1, 2, 3 | [86] |
| Histone methyltranserase inhibitors | Chaetocin, AZ505 | Suv39H1, SMYD2 | [87] |
| Intracellular signaling modulators | |||
| PKC agonists | Ingenol EK-16A, gnidimacrin, bryostatin, SUW133, PEP005/Ingenol-3-angelate, Prostratin, Bryostatin-1 | NFκB | [88] |
| AMPK activators | Dibutyryl-cAMP |
[89] [90] |
|
| JAK/STAT agonists | Benzotriazole, benzazole | STAT3 | [91] |
| IAP agonists | Debio1143 | NFκB (non-canonical) | [92] |
| Transcriptional elongation regulators | |||
| BET inhibitors | JQ1, MMQO (8-methoxy-6-32 methylquinolin-4-ol), UMB-136, RVX-208, PFI-1, OTX015 | TAT/pTEFB | [93] |
| Cdk9 activators | Chalcone, Amt-87 | pTEFB | [94] |
| Unclassified | |||
| Anti-oxidant | Auranofin (AF) | NFκB | [95] |
| AKT modulators | Disulfiram, 57704 | [96] | |
| Sphingosine-1-phophate receptor 1 (S1P1) agonist | SEW2871 | NFκB | [97] |
| Protein phosphatase 1 | SMAPP1 | pTEFb | [98, 99] |
| SMAC mimetics | SBI-0637142 | NFκB | [100] |
aHIV LTR-associated transcription factor stimulated by the LRA