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. 2019 Aug 16;10:3713. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-11601-2

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Extent and cumulative ice volume of NH ice sheets. a shows bar chart of ice-sheet extent at 18 time-slices through the Quaternary relative to present-day extent (0 ka), with each bar composed of individual ice-sheet extents. Bars with low-saturation colours are the comparatively warm intervals of MIS 3 and 5 and the present day, whereas high-saturation bars show the maximum ice-sheet extent during full-glacial periods. b shows the sea-level equivalent represented by the cumulative volume of the reconstructed NH ice sheets in this study (black bars), superimposed on previously published estimates of global sea level for the last 0.8 Ma. Black circles show the sea-level equivalent represented by our best-estimate reconstructions. Because our cumulative ice volumes assume that the NH ice sheets reached their maximum extent at the same time, our sea-level-equivalent estimates for the full-glacial periods of MIS 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16 and 20–24 are plotted at the coldest point (lowest global sea level) within each of these time-slices. For the comparatively warm periods of MIS 5a and 5c, for which we attempted to capture the peak warmth, our sea-level estimates are plotted at the warmest point (highest global sea level) within these time-slices