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. 2019 Aug 16;20:186. doi: 10.1186/s12931-019-1163-2

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© The Author(s). 2019

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 4 — Estimated annual reduction in exacerbation rates (see also Tables 2,3,4). In the “overall” model, the estimated decrease is at 6.3% (95% CI (3.9, 8.7)) per calender year. The estimates based on the two disjoint subgroups of placebo controls are very similar, and adjusting for baseline mean SGRQ score or FEV₁ also leads to consistent effects